The Press Bureau, ‘D’ Notices, and Official Control of the British Press's Record of the First World War

The Historical Journal ◽

10.1017/s0018246x21000145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

David Monger

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

Official Control ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

History Of ◽

Media Manipulation ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

Abstract Concerns about fake news and media manipulation are commonplace in contemporary society, and, throughout the twentieth century, historians regularly presented the First World War as an era of manipulated public messages. Yet, despite broad statements about the impact of press censorship in First World War Britain, publication of an official history of the ‘D’ notice system, and growing revision of historical understanding of the interaction between the state, the press, propaganda, and the public during the war, no thorough assessment of the content of the D notices issued by the Press Bureau to newspaper editors has been undertaken. This article provides a thorough analysis of the more than seven hundred notices issued during the war years. While drawing attention to several exceptions which exceeded plausible claims of a threat to security, it argues that most notices genuinely sought to protect potentially dangerous information and that casual assumptions about misleading state press management are not borne out by a close reading of the actual notices issued.

British Catholicism and the British Army in the First World War

Recusant History ◽

10.1017/s0034193200030909 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 314-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael Snape

Keyword(s):

Catholic Church ◽

Canon Law ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Protestant Churches ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

The history of British Catholic involvement in the First World War is a curiously neglected subject, particularly in view of the massive and ongoing popular and academic interest in the First World War, an interest which has led to the publication of several studies of the impact of the war on Britain’s Protestant churches and has even seen a recent work on religion in contemporary France appear in an English translation. Moreover, and bearing in mind the partisan nature of much denominational history, the subject has been ignored by Catholic historians despite the fact that the war has often been regarded by non-Catholics as a ‘good’ war for British Catholicism, an outcome reflected in a widening diffusion of Catholic influences on British religious life and also in a significant number of conversions to the Catholic Church. However, if some standard histories of Catholicism in England are to be believed, the popular Catholic experience of these years amount to no more than an irrelevance next to the redrawing of diocesan boundaries and the codification of canon law.

The 1918/19 Spanish Flu in Pisa (Tuscany, Italy)

Acta medico-historica Adriatica ◽

10.31952/amha.18.1.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 47-62

Author(s):

Raffaele Gaeta ◽

Antonio Fornaciari ◽

Valentina Giuffra

Keyword(s):

Typical Feature ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

Pandemic Flu ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

First World

The Spanish flu pandemic spread in 1918-19 and infected about 500 million people, killing 50 to 100 million of them. People were suffering from severe poverty and malnutrition, especially in Europe, due to the First World War, and this contributed to the diffusion of the disease. In Italy, Spanish flu appeared in April 1918 with several cases of pulmonary congestion and bronchopneumonia; at the end of the epidemic, about 450.000 people died, causing one of the highest mortality rates in Europe. From the archive documents and the autoptic registers of the Hospital of Pisa, we can express some considerations on the impact of the pandemic on the population of the city and obtain some information about the deceased. In the original necroscopic registers, 43 autopsies were reported with the diagnosis of grippe (i.e. Spanish flu), of which the most occurred from September to December 1918. Most of the dead were young individuals, more than half were soldiers, and all of them showed confluent hemorrhagic lung bronchopneumonia, which was the typical feature of the pandemic flu. We believe that the study of the autopsy registers represents an incomparable instrument for the History of Medicine and a useful resource to understand the origin and the evolution of the diseases.

Sinking Feelings: Representing and Resisting theTitanicDisaster in Britain, 1914–ca.1960

Journal of British Studies ◽

10.1017/jbr.2013.54 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 464-490 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew Wells

Keyword(s):

Cultural History ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Apparent Lack ◽

International Context ◽

The Public ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

First World

AbstractThe apparent lack of representations of theTitanicdisaster in Britain between the start of the First World War and the end of the 1950s was due, not to a lack of interest, but to active resistance to such representations. Shipping interests, the press, government, and the public all opposed portrayals of the catastrophe, but their opposition depended much on the medium by which the sinking was to be represented, on the broader international context, and on the nature and status of individual memories of the events of 1912. Questions of fact, fiction, national prestige, and the ethics of representation dominated the first half century of theTitanic's cultural history in the United Kingdom.

Problematyka odbudowy miast w polskim dyskursie prasowym lat pierwszej wojny światowej i wojny polsko-bolszewickiej

10.18778/8220-699-9.09 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kamil Śmiechowski

Keyword(s):

Public Discourse ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Country House ◽

The Public ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

Architectural Model ◽

The Subject ◽

First World

The subject of this article is the discussion about the rebuilding of cities in the press of the Kingdom of Poland during the First World War and the Polish-Bolshevik war. This almost eight-year period was characterized by the constant appearance of reflection on the devastation of war and the necessity of rebuilding and reforming of Polish cities. In the public discourse of those times, there were some recurring themes that should be considered a testimony to the importance of this problem for contemporary people, but also to the modernizing nature of their dilemmas and comments at the time. The most important of them is the nationalist tone of the writers combined with the conviction that it is necessary to develop a new architectural model of the Polish city. This period was, therefore, a subsoil for the development of the “country house style”, so characteristic of the public architecture of the Interwar Poland.

Image at War

Vulcan ◽

10.1163/22134603-00401004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 76-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrea Siotto

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

The People ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

Challenges And Opportunities ◽

First World ◽

At Home

The press was well accustomed to utilizing illustrations and photographs at the start of the First World War. This widespread use of images helped the people at home to better understand a war that differed enormously from previous conflicts. Images became a powerful instrument of propaganda, but also retained their usual function in entertaining and educating the reader. In this regard, technology offered new challenges and opportunities to the press in that the novelties of warfare had to be described to the public at home and images offered immediacy and clarity, and at the same time the new weapons’ marvel, even if terrifying, caught the attention and curiosity of the reader and “sold” magazines. The ample use of illustrations and photographs depicting technology in the magazines suggests how important the role of the press was in influencing both how the public understood the events on the frontline and how difficult it was for them to comprehend the new technological warfare.

“Wir wollen hoffen, dass es nicht so lange dauert…”

Ladinia ◽

10.54218/ladinia.45.49-94 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 49-94

Author(s):

Reinhard Rampold

Keyword(s):

Academic Research ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Physical Problems ◽

The First World War ◽

The Everyday ◽

History Of ◽

Extensive Collection ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

While the major events of the First World War were scientifically examined early on, the “everyday stories” associated with the war received little attention for decades. It is only in recent years that this aspect has been recognised as an inte-gral part of history and has also been the subject of academic research in Tyrol and Trentino. Luckily, an extensive collection of field postcards and field letters from Felix, Candidus and Albin Crepaz has been preserved. They were deployed as soldiers on Col di Lana and the Siefsattel in the immediate vicinity of their hometown Lasta, and experienced the impact of the war on their homeland and their relatives at first hand. The preserved documents – even though the letters of reply are missing – give a deep insight into the psychological and physical problems of an ordinary soldier, as well as the concern for his relatives and neighbours, and are thus an important evidence of the everyday history of Tyrol during the First World War.

« Bourrage de crânes » et « slogans qui éternisent le mensonge » : les écrivains anarchistes face à la propagande

Précisions sur les sciences dans l'oeuvre de Marie Darrieussecq - Dalhousie French Studies ◽

10.7202/1081086ar ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 127-148

Author(s):

Vittorio Frigerio

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Point Of View ◽

Fake News ◽

World War ◽

The Public ◽

Objective Information ◽

The First World War ◽

The Press ◽

First World

The French anarchist press positions itself from the beginning as the purveyor of honest and objective information, as opposed to the mainstream bourgeois newspapers, close to political power, who tailor their news to the needs of propaganda. This article offers an analysis of the role of the press as a vehicle for fake news from the point of view of anarchist writers and journalists, starting with Proudhon’s own newspapers (1848-1850), but focusing most of all on the polemics around the “bourrage de crânes" (brainwashing of the public) during the First World War. This through the writings of two of the most active writers of the individualist branch of the anarchist movement, Manuel Devaldès and Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers, and their critique of language and the use of tropes, clichés and slogans for propaganda purposes.

Historisising twentieth-century historiography

HISTOREIN ◽

10.12681/historein.10030 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1-2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Antonis Liakos

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

First Generation ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Digital Era ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Totalitarian Regimes ◽

The Impact ◽

First World

The twentieth century has been described as a dark century of wars, holocausts, death and pain. This is true, but it is only a partial image of the century. This article discusses five major challenges and their relations to historiography: a) the disintegration of empires, decolonisation and the rise of new nations; b) the impact of world wars (genocides, revolutions, totalitarian regimes); c) the boom in technoscience and the digital era; d) the ascent of rights, the transformation of gender relations and mass literacy; and e) globalisation. These changes were experienced by three generations of historians. The first generation appeared before the First World War, the second from 1918 to 1970 and the third from 1970. The question we pose is: has the history of historiography responded to these challenges or does it also have its internal logic? And how has it responded?

Overcoming History through Trauma. The Hungarian Historikerstreit

European Review ◽

10.1017/s1062798716000065 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 523-534 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Éva Kovács

Keyword(s):

Public Memory ◽

First World War ◽

Peace Treaty ◽

World War ◽

History Writing ◽

The Public ◽

The Holocaust ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

First World

In the mid-summer of 2012, a sort of Historikerstreit broke out in Hungary. The main topics of the controversy were the language of and the attitude to the history of the Holocaust. In what follows I will argue that the Hungarian Historikerstreit is closely related to both the renaissance of the Horthy era (1920–1944) in current Hungarian politics and the ambivalent attitude towards the Holocaust in public memory. Since 2010, Hungary has celebrated ‘Trianon commemoration day’, remembering on the peace treaty of Trianon after the First World War. In today’s Hungary, Trianon seems to be a permanent trauma of the nation not only in the public memory but also in history writing. In spite of the fact that many respected scholars argue that currently the construction of the trauma of Trianon has a hegemonic position in Hungarian social memory and that the Holocaust cannot compete with it, I will show that the Trianon trauma is a construction of the current politics of history, which overshadows the tragic experiences of the First World War. Moreover, Trianon and the Holocaust are strongly interconnected historical events, which cannot be understood separately.

Socio-political and confessional preconditions of the birth of the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church in Western Ukraine (20-30 years of the twentieth century)

Ukrainian Religious Studies ◽

10.32420/2000.13.1059 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 67-75

Author(s):

R. Soloviy

Keyword(s):

Public Life ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Reformed Church ◽

Religious Influences ◽

The First World War ◽

Western Ukraine ◽

History Of ◽

Religious Factor ◽

First World

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.