Continuity and Change in Baluchi Tribal Leadership

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Carl Salzman
Keyword(s):  
National Government ◽  
External Control ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Iranian Government ◽  
Tribal Leadership ◽  
Indirect Rule ◽  
Structural Continuity

Direct consequences of pacification of the Yarahmadzai Baluch by the Iranian army in the campaigns of 1928–35 were the prohibition and cessation of raiding, imposition of Iranian military and civilian officials over the tribe, and limited access to previously unavailable labor and goods markets and to national government resources. Whatever the economic and psycho-cultural dislocations resulting from pacification, there was great structural continuity within the Yarahmadzai. There was no interference by the Iranian government, whose policy was external control through indirect rule, and who paid the Sardar (tribal chief) a substantial yearly stipend.

An Institutional Theory of Direct and Indirect Rule

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gerring ◽  
Daniel Ziblatt ◽  
Johan Van Gorp ◽  
Julián Arévalo
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Theory ◽  
National Government ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Informal Empire ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
Indirect Rule ◽  
Governance Arrangements ◽  
Centralized System

Most governance arrangements involve spatial units with highly unequal powers, for example, a feudal monarchy and its principalities, an empire and its colonies, a formal empire and an informal empire (or sphere of influence), a national government and its subnational entities, or a regional government and its local entities. In this situation, the dominant unit (A) usually enjoys some discretion about how to institutionalize its authority over the subordinate unit (B). An important element of this decision concerns how much authority should be delegated to the weaker unit. The authors simplify this dimension of governance along a continuum of “direct” and “indirect” styles of rule. Why, in some cases, does one find a relatively direct (centralized) system of rule and in others a relatively indirect (decentralized) system of rule? While many factors impinge on this decision, the authors argue that an important and highly persistent factor is the prior level of centralization existing within the subordinate unit. Greater centralization in B is likely to lead to a more indirect form of rule between A and B, all other things being equal. The authors refer to this as an institutional theory of direct/indirect rule. Empirical analyses of this hypothesis are applied to patterns of direct and indirect rule (1) during the age of imperialism and (2) across contemporary nation-states. The article concludes by discussing applications of the theory in a variety of additional settings.

Hasidism after 1772: Structural Continuity and Change

1996 ◽  
pp. 76-140
Author(s):  
Ada Rapoport-Albert
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Supreme Leader ◽  
Structural Continuity

This chapter addresses hasidism after 1772. The year 1772 is generally regarded as a critical one, or at least an important turning point, in the history of hasidism. Three decisive events took place in that year which altered both the ideological and the organizational course on which the movement had originally embarked. The spring brought with it the first outbreak of bitter hostilities between the mitnaggedim and the hasidim in Vilna, whence the dispute quickly spread to other Jewish communities in Lithuania and Galicia. During the summer months, Belorussia was annexed to Russia, and Galicia to Austria, in the first partition of the disintegrating kingdom of Poland; as a result, parts of the Jewish (and hasidic) community in Poland which until then had formed a single cultural and political entity found themselves arbitrarily separated. At the end of the year, in December, the supreme leader of hasidism, R. Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezhirech, died without leaving an ‘heir’ to take charge of the movement in his place.

Interfacing of a TEM/STEM System to a Computer

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
P. Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Signal Beam ◽  
Automated Image Analysis ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
External Control ◽  
Computer Input ◽  
Instrument Control ◽  
Data Acquisition And Processing

The use of computers in the analytical electron microscopy today shows three different trends (1) automated image analysis with dedicated computer systems, (2) instrument control by microprocessors and (3) data acquisition and processing e.g. X-ray or EEL Spectroscopy.While image analysis in the T.E.M. usually needs a television chain to get a sequential transmission suitable as computer input, the STEM system already has this necessary facility. For the EM400T-STEM system therefore an interface was developed, that allows external control of the beam deflection in TEM as well as the control of the STEM probe and video signal/beam brightness on the STEM screen.The interface sends and receives analogue signals so that the transmission rate is determined by the convertors in the actual computer periphery.

Impact of the Locus of Causality and Internal Control on the Social Utility of Causal Explanations

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Perrin ◽  
Benoît Testé
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
External Control ◽  
Job Interview ◽  
Locus Of Causality ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Professional Success ◽  
The Social ◽  
Different Types

Research into the norm of internality ( Beauvois & Dubois, 1988 ) has shown that the expression of internal causal explanations is socially valued in social judgment. However, the value attributed to different types of internal explanations (e.g., efforts vs. traits) is far from homogeneous. This study used the Weiner (1979 ) tridimensional model to clarify the factors explaining the social utility attached to internal versus external explanations. Three dimensions were manipulated: locus of causality, controllability, and stability. Participants (N = 180 students) read the explanations expressed by appliants during a job interview. They then described the applicants on the French version of the revised causal dimension scale and rated their future professional success. Results indicated that internal-controllable explanations were the most valued. In addition, perceived internal and external control of explanations were significant predictors of judgments.

Continuity and Change in Self-Esteem During Emerging Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Chung ◽  
Richard W. Robins ◽  
Kali H. Trzesniewski ◽  
Brent W. Roberts ◽  
Erik E. Noftle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Continuity And Change
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