Does More Equality for Women Mean Less War? Rethinking Sex and Gender Inequality and Political Violence

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Dara Kay Cohen ◽  
Sabrina M. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Strategy Versus ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Recent world events, such as the rise of hypermasculine authoritarian leaders, have shown the importance of both sex and gender for understanding international politics. However, quantitative researchers of conflict have long relegated the study of sex and gender inequality as a cause of war to a specialized group of scholars, despite overwhelming evidence that the connections are profound and consequential. In this review essay, we demonstrate the tremendous progress made in this field by analyzing a wave of research that examines the relationships between sex and gender inequality and war. We divide this work into theories that emphasize strategy versus those that analyze structures. In addition, we focus on two aspects of this research agenda—specifying mechanisms that link sex and gender inequality to war, and leveraging data at multiple levels of analysis—to outline fruitful pathways forward for the broader international security research agenda. Ultimately, we argue that the study of the nexus of sex and gender inequality and war will enliven theoretical debates, illuminate new hypotheses, and enrich the policy discourse with robust evidence.

scholarly journals Women’s Oppressed and Disfigured Life in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Bahman Zarrinjooee ◽  
Shirin Kalantarian
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Object A ◽  
Patriarchal System ◽  
Second Sex ◽  
Women's Oppression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Biological Category

The present study attempts to analyze Margaret Atwood’s (1939- ) The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) based on theories of feminist thinker, Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) and applies her theories presented in The Second Sex (1949) that leads to better apprehension of sex and gender. Beauvoir’s ideology focuses mainly on the cultural mechanisms of oppression which cause to confine women under the title of Other to man’s self. In her view woman cannot be a simple biological category, and she asserts that womanhood is imposed on woman by civilization. In her idea, the fundamental social meaning of woman is Other. She believes that biology is the main source for woman’s oppression within patriarchal society, and challenges the discourse through which women are defined based on her biology. She also believes that sexuality is another aspect of women’s oppression and exploitation and all functions of women. In Beauvoir’s view, prostitution and heterosexuality are exploitation of woman. She rejects the heterosexuality as the norm for sexual relations. This paper tries to show how Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale speculates feminist issues such as loss of identity, subordination of woman in a male dominated society and women’s exploitation in consumer society where woman’s body is treated as an object, a tool and consumable item. Atwood focuses on the problems such as gender inequality, and pitfalls of patriarchal system for women’s oppression.

scholarly journals Sex and gender differences in childhood obesity: contributing to the research agenda

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjnph-2020-000074
Author(s):  
Bindra Shah ◽  
Katherine Tombeau Cost ◽  
Anne Fuller ◽  
Catherine S Birken ◽  
Laura N Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
International Data ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge and its prevalence continues to increase in many, but not all, countries worldwide. International data indicate that the prevalence of obesity is greater among boys than girls 5–19 years of age in the majority of high and upper middle-income countries worldwide. Despite this observed sex difference, relatively few studies have investigated sex-based and gender-based differences in childhood obesity. We propose several hypotheses that may shape the research agenda on childhood obesity. Differences in obesity prevalence may be driven by gender-related influences, such as societal ideals about body weight and parental feeding practices, as well as sex-related influences, such as body composition and hormones. There is an urgent need to understand the observed sex differences in the prevalence of childhood obesity; incorporation of sex-based and gender-based analysis in all childhood obesity studies may ultimately contribute to improved prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals SITI: Javanese’s Beliefs as the Representation of Gender Roles and Inequalities towards Women’s Position

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransiska Rahayu Myrlinda
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Doing Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACT             Being males and females is biologically constructed since human beings were born. Meanwhile, there is also strict distinction done by society to divide people into men and women or usually called as doing gender stereotype. It effects on different assumptions that are attached to them. As the result, people are categorized based on their own gender roles in society. Java, as the symbol of patriarchal society, is the ethnic which agrees with this social phenomenon. Its beliefs symbolize how men and women have different social status. It also results in different gender roles. SITI is the film which deals with this phenomenon. It shows that being “obedient” Javanese women will give effect on social status towards different genders. The theories of sex and gender and also patriarchal society were used to get the reliable data. Keywords: SITI, Sex and Gender, Inequality, Javanese’s beliefs ABSTRAK                 Menjadi pria dan wanita secara biologis dibangun sejak manusia dilahirkan. Sementara itu, ada juga perbedaan mendalam yang masyarakat lakukan untuk membagi manusia menjadi pria dan wanita atau biasa disebut sebagai stereotip di gender. Hal ini berpengaruh pada perbedaan asumsi yang melekat padanya. Sebagai akibat, manusia dikategorikan berdasarkan peran gender mereka sendiri di masyarakat. Jawa, sebagai simbol masyarakat patriarkal, adalah etnis yang setuju dengan fenomena sosial ini. Kepercayaan yang ada pada masyarakat Jawa melambangkan bagaimana pria dan wanita memiliki status sosial yang berbeda. Hal ini juga menghasilkan peran gender yang berbeda. SITI adalah film yang merepresentasikan fenomena ini. Film ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagai perempuan Jawa yang “taat” akan memberikan efek pada status sosial dari gender yang berbeda. Teori seks dan gender serta masyarakat patriarki digunakan untuk mendapatkan data yang sesuai. Kata Kunci: SITI, Teori seks dan gender, Ketidaksetaraan, Kepercayaan Jawa

Sex and Gender Inequality

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-189
Author(s):  
Charles E. Hurst ◽  
Heather M. Fitz Gibbon ◽  
Anne M. Nurse
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender

A Call to Action for Evidence-Based Military Women’s Health Care: Developing a Women’s Health Research Agenda That Addresses Sex and Gender in Health and Illness

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori Trego ◽  
Candy Wilson ◽  
Nancy Steele
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Military Health ◽  
Military Health Care ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific

Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines are serving in complex occupational specialties that sustain national policy and ensure combat effectiveness of our forces. Their roles have evolved from supportive roles during early conflicts to active roles in combat support and counterinsurgency operations today. Although women have received military health care over the past three decades, sex- and gender-specific care has been limited to reproductive needs and has rarely addressed military-specific health risks and outcomes. The complexity of military jobs and increased deployments to combat operations has led to increased occupational and health risks for women. As differences have been noted between men and women’s deployment-related health outcomes, it is incumbent on the Military Health Care System (MHS) to create an evidence base that addresses sex and gender differences in the health of its service members. A working group of military women’s health advanced practice nurses (APN) and research experts proposes to address this gap in knowledge and practices through sex- and gender-specific research. A sex-and gender-based research agenda for military women’s health will be a valuable instrument to those who are dedicated to the health of this population, including members of the Army, Navy, and Air Force military nursing community. Using the knowledge that the research agenda generates, military health care providers can develop clinical practice guidelines, influence policy, and participate in program development to improve the health of servicewomen. Shaping a sex- and gender-specific military women’s health research agenda will create the foundation for future evidence-based care.

Sex and Gender

ASHA Leader ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Keyword(s):  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender

Sex and Gender Differences

2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hausmann ◽  
Barbara Schober
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sex And Gender Differences
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