scholarly journals Working in a Fez Factory in Istanbul in the Late Nineteenth Century: Division of Labour and Networks of Migration Formed along Ethno-Religious Lines

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (S17) ◽  
pp. 69-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Erdem Kabadayı
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Wage Earning

SummaryIn terms of production volume, most Ottoman state factories cannot be regarded as success stories, yet the labour relations they initiated, engendered, and supervised were important for the emergence of factory labour in the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish republic. One of those state factories was the Imperial Fez Factory, where, throughout the nineteenth century, approximately 500 workers were employed, making it the second highest concentration of industrial workers in the empire after the Imperial Arsenal. Very recently, a limited number of wage ledgers for the fez factory became available for research. Those ledgers provide unprecedented information not only on remuneration but also on the production process and labour-control practices in the fez factory. Those ledgers enable us, for the first time, to formulate research questions within the framework of a broad labour history, in particular for the Ottoman factory workforce in the late nineteenth century. This article examines the effects of the ethno-religious characteristics and gender of Ottoman factory labourers on employment practices and wage-earning at the fez factory.

Nutrition and Well-Being in the Late Nineteenth Century

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
TREVON D. LOGAN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Price ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Using the 1888 Cost of Living Survey, I estimate the demand for calories of American and British industrial workers. I find that the income and expenditure elasticities of calories for American households are significantly lower than the corresponding elasticities for British households, suggesting that American industrial workers were nutritionally better off than their British counterparts. I further find that the calorie elasticity differential between the two countries was driven by the higher wages enjoyed in the United States. Additional analysis reveals that the relative price of calories was approximately 20 percent greater in Great Britain than in the United States.

scholarly journals Inside the Enclosed Farm: Farmers, Shepherds, and the Introduction of New Technology in Cape Wool Farming, 1865–1950

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Lilja
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Improve Production ◽  
Late Nineteenth

AbstractThis article considers the transformation of labour relations in wool farming in the Cape Colony/Province between 1865 and 1950. It focuses specifically on shepherds and how their relationship with farmers changed as a result of the requirement to improve production through the implementation of fenced camps in the late nineteenth century. It was expected that this innovation would reduce the demand among farmers for shepherds. This article shows, however, that the demand for shepherds continued due to the existence of jackals and the lack of sufficient water in the dry Karoo. It was not until the 1910s that, on the most progressive farms, the demand for shepherds was markedly reduced. But the shepherds were replaced by camp walkers – people who managed fences rather than sheep. Among farmers who had not invested in fencing and water supplies, the demand for shepherding continued, and, to compete, those farmers hired younger shepherds.

Syrian Christians, the Rags-to-Riches Story, and Free Enterprise

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Free Enterprise ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Horatio Alger ◽  
The Military

In the late nineteenth century, when American boys were devouring the success stories of Horatio Alger and cultivating the prescribed virtues of thrift and industry in hopes of jumping from rags to riches overnight, boys on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean were dreaming similar dreams. The Christian boy of the Levant was particularly drawn to such success stories. His decision for a business career was not entirely of his own choosing, for as members of a Christian minority in a Muslim land his ancestors had long been excluded from the most prestigious official careers of the Ottoman Empire–the bureaucracy, the military, and the Muslim religious profession. Since these choice callings were reserved for Muslims, thedhimmî subjects of the Sultan had no choice but to concentrate their energies on banking and trading, shopkeeping and shipping. Making the best of the situation, the indigenous Christian of the Ottoman Empire threw himself into these business careers and sometimes amassed such a fortune that he came to occupy unofficial positions of considerable influence. Often his position as agent and protégé of a European shipping house gave him a decided advantage over Muslim merchants. Increasing the toehold given to it by the Capitulations agreements, Europe made its power increasingly felt in the Middle East during the nineteenth century, and the protégé of a European power could no longer be treated arbitrarily by Ottoman authorities.

Turks with a “Wāw”

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
E. Khayyat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Beginning late nineteenth century Ottoman-Turkish intellectuals fought for an orthographic revolution to change the spelling of the name Türk—which was once used to refer to the “simple folk” or Muslims generally and was written as ‮ترك‬‎ (t-r-k) in Arabic letters—by adding the letter ‘wāw’ (‮و‬‎) to it, spelling the name as ‮تورك‬‎ (t-u-r-k) in print. The additional letter was a necessity in the minds of the revolutionaries to make visible the Turkish nation as opposed to the multitude. The paper interprets these intellectuals’ thoughts and assumptions on scripts, writing and language as they relate to politics and identity and as part of the history of Ottoman-Turkish literary modernity, which would culminate in the adoption of Roman letters in the modern Turkish Republic.

Miscellaneous Food in a Feverish Haste

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-86
Author(s):  
jon grinspan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
American Cities

The eating-house was a pillar of late nineteenth-century American cities, feeding famished industrial workers and harried professionals. Urban wage laborers came to depend on cheap lunch joints for a quick midday meal, in the process altering Americans’ relationship with food. Eating-houses familiarized many Americans with the habit of purchasing cooked meals, eating rapidly with strangers, and the increasing distance between diner and farmer. The beef-centric meals served at such establishments helped strengthen the nationwide network of industrial ranching. This prose piece explores the experience of dining in an eating-house from the perspective of a hungry laborer.

“Green Kemalism”

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-53
Author(s):  
Gülay Türkmen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Political Background ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Way

Chapter 1 opens with the analogy of “Green Kemalism,” used by some Kurdish political elites to criticize the Justice and Development Party’s (AKP) Muslim fraternity project. This line of thinking claims that the AKP is no different than the founders of the Turkish Republic in its intention to assimilate Kurds and that it differs from the latter only in its employment of religion to that end (hence the allusion to “Green”). To provide the historical and political background needed to make sense of this metaphor, the chapter then provides a detailed historical account of the role Islam has played in the Kurdish revolts and in the way the state has handled them since the late nineteenth century until 2002.

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