The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali

1973 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Hunwick
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City ◽  
River Niger

For over a century scholars have been attempting to locate the area and, if possible, the actual site of the capital of the Mali empire in its period of greatness. Since the 1920S attention has been focused on an area near the Sankararni river, a tributary entering the Niger from the south, upstream from Bamako. Over recent years a Polish-Guinean archaeological expedition has been digging a site there, but with inconclusive results so far.A close reading of the few descriptions we have of the capital of Mali, and in particular of the route taken by Ibn Battūta, who visited the capital in 1352, suggests that the city lay on the left bank of the river Niger somewhere between Segu and Bamako. This is in fact a ‘logical] site for the capital of an empire whose tributaries lay mainly in the savannah and Sahel belts, and in whose armies cavalry played a significant role. For this reason, and a number of others, the recent hypothesis of Claude Meillassoux, suggesting a location for the capital south of the R. Falémé (and perhaps also of the R. Gambia), seems doubtful. The proper name for the capital is also discussed.

La Zone: In/habitation in the Itinerant City

Global Jurist ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Patchett
Keyword(s):  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
No Man's Land ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City ◽  
Alternative Reading

AbstractAcknowledging that urban spaces are an amalgamation of multiple normative orders, the city will be explored as a site of encounter through a spatio-legal reading of the biography of Django (Dregni 2004) about life in La Zone, a conflux of shanty towns on the ramparts of Paris. Drawing on interlegality and a Foucauldian reading of space, chaotic refractions of counter-hegemonic practices are evoked through a close reading of Django’s experiences in this peripheral ‘no-man’s land’. Such spaces demand an alternative reading whereby, rather than emphasising exclusion, they can be seen to actually infiltrate the protected city and define its ongoing lawscape.

Money Lending on the Periphery of London, 1300–1600

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie K. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Local People ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The City

Money lending was an essential part of the local and regional economies of England during the later medieval and Tudor periods. Cash was required for purchases of goods, animals, or land, payment of rents and taxes, and the wages of hired workers. People who lacked money to cover these expenses between 1300 and 1600 commonly resorted to borrowing. Borrowing thus might be undertaken for purposes of either consumption or investment. Further, during much of the later medieval period and occasionally during the Tudor years specie was in short supply. Even a man of some wealth might find himself without sufficient currency on hand to cover his immediate needs. In nearly all cases late medieval and Tudor loans were for short terms, for periods ranging from a few weeks to six months. Interest was normally charged on local loans, although the amount was concealed due to the Church's prohibition of usury.Money lending was particularly important within commercialized areas—the major cities and their economic hinterlands. The region lying within a radius of about twenty miles from London formed one of the most thoroughly commercialized parts of the country. By the fourteenth century people living on the periphery of the capital were deeply involved in furnishing consumer goods to London. Agriculture among middling and larger tenants focused upon market sale; craftsmen sometimes sold to citizens as well as to their own neighbors. Late medieval London was surrounded by a ring of at least thirty-two market towns located within twenty miles of the capital. These markets served to channel grain, animals, fuel, and craft items into the city while also functioning as centers of trade for their own areas. In the market communities around London the extent of trade was unusually large and the economic sophistication of local people unusually high. Cash was the medium of accounting for all transactions and the medium of exchange for the great majority of them. It is not surprising that money lending played an especially significant role in this area.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN MAGNITOGORSK UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTINUOUS IMPACT OF MAN-GENERAL DISCHARGES FROM THE WORKSHOPS OF MATALLURGICAL COMBINE INTO THE URBAN ATMOSPHERE

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
O. M. Shentsova ◽  
V. S. Fedosikhin
Keyword(s):  
Large City ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
The South ◽  
Industrial Dust ◽  
The City

Ensuring and maintaining the environmental safety of the urban population living in an industrial city in the vicinity of a large city-forming enterprise in conditions of constant emission of industrial dust and gases into the air has always been and is today one of the urgent problems of the architecture of the city of Magnitogorsk. The article examines the historically existing urban planning situation in Magnitogorsk in the conditions of the climate and wind direction of the South Urals, the accounting of which largely contributes to the protective qualities of the air despite the significant emissions of man-made pollution into the atmosphere of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK). The original location of industrial buildings and residential areas during the construction of Magnitogorsk was carried out in the 30s of the XX century on the basis of a purely economic approach, bringing housing as close as possible to production, not taking into account wind flows from the construction site and cutting down perennial trees on the slopes of magnetic mountains for the construction of buildings and structures ... After 10 years of MMK operation, the significant role of the South Ural wind in maintaining the ecological situation in the city was proved. Until now, thousands of city residents continue to live in close proximity to MMK, feeling the harmfulness of industrial emissions that pollute the atmosphere. Later, the residential zone of the city began to develop to the south along the right bank, and the industrial zone to the north along the left bank of the river, thus creating further many unfavorable environmental problems that sometimes have to be eliminated.

ii. Essex and Middlesex

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Black Death ◽  
The South ◽  
The City

The first purchases made by Fraunceys outside the city came, as with Pyel, at the time of the Black Death. Unlike Pyel, however, he seems not to have returned to his native county, wherever it may have been, to buy land, but stayed quite close to the city. Fraunceys was associated with Pyel in a number of property transactions in and near London, certainly from the late 1340s to the early 1360s. He was also nominally involved with Pyel's dealings in Northamptonshire, as joint purchaser or trustee. His purchases in his own right, however, focus on north Middlesex and the south-western fringes of Essex, within striking distance of London. On 1 February 1349 Fraunceys bought, jointly with Thomas de Langeton, the manor of Wyke from John Gauston and his wife, Eve. This manor, which included Hackney Wick, and parts of Old Ford and Stepney, had been consolidated by a London draper, Simon de Abyndon, mostly in the second decade of the fourteenth century. After Simon's death in 1322, his widow, Eve, married John de Causton, a London mercer, who thereby received the estate.

Tangut verbal agreement and the patient category in Tibeto-Burman

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Van Driem
Keyword(s):  
Yellow River ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Patient Category ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
The City

Tangut is the dead Tibeto-Burman language of the Buddhist empire of Xīxià, which was destroyed in 1227 by the Golden Horde of the Mongol warlord Temuüjin, more commonly known as Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227). The Tangut empire was established in 1032 and comprised the modern Chinese provinces of Gānsù, Shānxī and Níngxià, extending from the Yellow River in the east to Kökö Nōr (Chinese: Qīnghăi Hù) in the west. The northern frontier of the Xīxià empire skirted the city of Qumul (Chinese: Hāmì), the river Edzin Gol (Chinese: Ruò Shuĭ), the Hèlán hills and the Yellow River. In the south, the empire extended down into the present-day province of Sichuān. The Xīxià capital was situated in what is now the city of Yinchuān (formerly Níngxiàfŭ) on the left bank of the Yellow River.

Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the spring 2000 season

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bennett ◽  
Andrew I. Wilson ◽  
Ahmed Buzaian ◽  
Kenneth Hamilton ◽  
David Thorpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
The South ◽  
City Wall ◽  
City Area ◽  
A Site ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City ◽  
Large Building ◽  
Geophysical Prospection

AbstractThis paper reports on the second season of the new fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavations continued in Areas P (a large building with early Hellenistic mosaics) and Q (an area of streets and buildings built against the line of the Archaic period city wall), and were commenced at a site in the Lower City (Area R), where evidence for purple dye production from the Murex trunculus shellfish was found. In addition, a programme of machine-cut evaluation trenching was carried out in an area to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound to determine the limits of the archaeological area; this showed that occupation deposits continued for some distance to the south-east of the zone formerly considered to have encompassed the city. Geophysical prospection was completed in the Lower City, giving a fuller understanding of the city plan and of manufacturing activities. Preliminary quantification of the fine pottery suggests heavy reliance on imported wares (some 90%) to meet demand for tablewares, and carries important implications for the volume of ancient shipping and trade reaching Euesperides.

POLITICAL AND STRATEGIC COORDINATION AND COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE CASES OF ZPCSA AND GGC

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-36
Author(s):  
Paulo Fagundes Visentini ◽  
Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira
Keyword(s):  
South Atlantic ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
The South ◽  
Strategic Issues ◽  
Strategic Coordination ◽  
Regional Order ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
A Site ◽  
Political Economic

The creation of the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA) in 1986 and the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC) in 2001 was about changes in the distribution of world power. This article argues that though they emerged at different times, their strategic orientation converges in a number of areas related to the significant interests in the South Atlantic as an area of stability in the region to be marked by strong political, economic and military ties. They also converge on the ideal for development, security and greater projection of power and influence in international affairs. The South Atlantic being a route of passage and trade, as a means of access and flow of energy products, the region became a site for new calculations of regional strategic powers about world affairs. The article also argues that ZPCSA and GGC are therefore crucial for the regional order and the development of higher capacities for cooperation on strategic issues. The actual point of convergence extends to ensuring the sovereignty through dialogue between the states in the region that are involved.

Transnational Habitus and Sociability in the City: Zimbabwean Migrants’ Experiences in Johannesburg, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khangelani Moyo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Networks ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Transnational Migrants ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
The City

Drawing on field research and a survey of 150 Zimbabwean migrants in Johannesburg, this paper explores the dimensions of migrants’ transnational experiences in the urban space. I discuss the use of communication platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook as well as other means such as telephone calls in fostering the embedding of transnational migrants within both the Johannesburg and the Zimbabwean socio-economic environments. I engage this migrant-embedding using Bourdieusian concepts of “transnational habitus” and “transnational social field,” which are migration specific variations of Bourdieu’s original concepts of “habitus” and “social field.” In deploying these Bourdieusian conceptual tools, I observe that the dynamics of South–South migration as observed in the Zimbabwean migrants are different to those in the South–North migration streams and it is important to move away from using the same lens in interpreting different realities. For Johannesburg-based migrants to operate within the socio-economic networks produced in South Africa and in Zimbabwe, they need to actively acquire a transnational habitus. I argue that migrants’ cultivation of networks in Johannesburg is instrumental, purposive, and geared towards achieving specific and immediate goals, and latently leads to the development and sustenance of flexible forms of permanency in the transnational urban space.

Global Justice at the Municipal Scale

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fonna Forman ◽  
Teddy Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Global City ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

Cities or municipalities are often the most immediate institutional facilitators of global justice. Thus, it is important for cosmopolitans and other theorists interested in global justice to consider the importance of the correspondence between global theories and local actions. In this chapter, the authors explore the role that municipalities can play in interpreting and executing principles of global justice. They offer a way of thinking about the cosmopolitan or global city not as a gentrified and commodified urban space, but as a site of local governance consistent with egalitarian cosmopolitan moral aims. They work to show some ways in which the city of Medellín, Colombia, has taken significant steps in that direction. The chapter focuses especially on how it did so and how it might serve as a model in some important ways for the transformation of other cities globally in a direction more consistent with egalitarian cosmopolitanism.

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