Canon Law Aspects of the Eleventh Century Gregorian Reform Programme

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
The People ◽  
Political Factions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gregorian Reform

The year 1048 is generally recognised as a decisive date in the history of the medieval papacy. In that year the emperor Henry III appointed Bruno, bishop of Toul, to succeed to the papal throne, who accepted only on condition that his election be confirmed by the people and clergy of Rome. The significance of this act depends on seeing it against previous elections. Despite often re-iterated claims to spiritual supremacy the papacy had for long been the tool of political factions, so much so that the period 801–1049 is regarded as the era of Caesaropapism. Reacting against this temporal domination the new pope Leo IX and his successors, especially Gregory VII (1073–85), laid the foundations of a different relationship (called by Ullman ‘the hierocratic system’) in which the temporal powers, under the leadership of the emperor, were subservient to the spiritual under the leadership of the papacy, a unity, so it was argued, for the commonweal of Christendom. By the fourteenth century the system had repeatedly proved itself unworkable, and the concept received its final blow from Marsiglio of Padua's Defensor pads. But, until that time, the concept with all its ramifications constituted both the object and the context of medieval political thought. The outlines of this thesis are by no means new, but what is only now becoming realised is the part played by the canonists in both determining the theory and advancing the arguments for its support.

Byzantine Religious Law in Medieval Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Morton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Religious Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Byzantine Church

This book is a historical study of these manuscripts, exploring how and why the Greek Christians of medieval southern Italy persisted in using them so long after the end of Byzantine rule. Southern Italy was conquered by the Norman Hauteville dynasty in the late eleventh century after over 500 years of continuous Byzantine rule. At a stroke, the region’s Greek Christian inhabitants were cut off from their Orthodox compatriots in Byzantium and became subject to the spiritual and legal jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic popes. Nonetheless, they continued to follow the religious laws of the Byzantine church; out of thirty-six surviving manuscripts of Byzantine canon law produced between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, the majority date to the centuries after the Norman conquest. Part I provides an overview of the source material and the history of Italo-Greek Christianity. Part II examines the development of Italo-Greek canon law manuscripts from the last century of Byzantine rule to the late twelfth century, arguing that the Normans’ opposition to papal authority created a laissez faire atmosphere in which Greek Christians could continue to follow Byzantine religious law unchallenged. Finally, Part III analyses the papacy’s successful efforts to assert its jurisdiction over southern Italy in the later Middle Ages. While this brought about the end of Byzantine canon law as an effective legal system in the region, the Italo-Greeks still drew on their legal heritage to explain and justify their distinctive religious rites to their Latin neighbours.

A Florilegium on the Ecclesiastical Grades in CLM 19414: Testimony to Ninth-Century Clerical Institution

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger E. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Religious Instruction ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Medieval Canon Law

The treasure manuscriptClm 19414of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich has for many years provided scholars in three fields of study with a rich lode of material. Art historians have found one of the best examples of fourteenth-century GermanBibliae pauperumin this manuscript. Historians of canon law have discovered several books of the early eleventh-centuryCollectio XII Partium. For historians of the barbarian lawsClm 19414contains an excellent witness to theLex Baiuwariorum. The purpose of this article is to bring to light another portion ofClm 19414, a florilegium on the ecclesiastical grades which should be of interest to historians of early medieval canon law, religious instruction, and sacramental theology.

Anselm of Besate and Some North-Italian Scholars of the Eleventh Century

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. J. Cowdrey
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Early Education ◽  
Learning Culture ◽  
Large Measure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Gregorian Reform ◽  
At Home

Scholarly life in eleventh-century Italy comes to the notice of English historians chiefly in connexion with Lanfranc of Pavia, who (in a striking phrase of Dom David Knowles) ‘sought a career and found a vocation north of the Alps’, and with Anselm of Aosta, who succeeded him as prior of Bee and as archbishop of Canterbury. About their early education we know but little. However, the pattern of their lives—an education in north Italy, then travel to distant lands, and the eventual discovery there of an employment or vocation which would scarcely have been possible at home—was not untypical. I shall seek to describe the kind of north-Italian scholarly circles in which Lanfranc, in particular, grew up, with a view to illustrating how scholars were educated, their later careers, and their place in the history of medieval learning, culture and society. Thus we may hope to learn something about the Italian background of the two great Norman archbishops of Canterbury and, more generally, about the ecclesiastical life of north Italy which the Gregorian Reform would soon in such large measure sweep away.

Notes on an Eleventh-Century Missal, Walters Manuscript 11

Traditio ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 328-340
Author(s):  
Anselm Strittmatter
Keyword(s):  
Eleventh Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
The People ◽  
Proper Mass ◽  
History Of ◽  
Excellent Description ◽  
Time Served ◽  
The Church ◽  
Vexing Problem

In his excellent description and analysis of Walters MS 11, Dr. Leo F. Miller gives little or no attention to what is at times the most vexing problem a liturgical manuscript can present, viz., for what church was the codex written? He determines the predominantly Ravennate character of the ‘martyrologium’ prefixed to the sacramentary-missal which constitutes the body of the book, but in general hesitates to assign the manuscript to Ravenna itself, because ‘it contains none of the liturgical uses proper to that city's ancient liturgy, to which the people clung so tenaciously until they were abolished by Archbishop Julius della Rovere,’ and adds: ‘would a Ravenna calendar lack such great names as Peter Chrysologus and Iohannes Angeloptes?’ It will not be amiss, therefore, to look about for other clues which may help us solve the problem. An initial clue may, indeed, be said to stand out in the calendar itself: March 21. Natale S. Patris nostri Benedicti. This formulation, which is found normally only in Benedictine calendars, taken together with the proper mass for the feast of the saint on fo1.37, leaves little room for doubt concerning the character of the church for which the book was intended, even as the blessing of the weekly reader, inserted after the Canon of the Mass (fol.12r), clearly indicates that the book at one time served a monastic church. Our problem, therefore, is to identify the abbey or priory, if possible, and here again there exists an important clue. In the ‘Missa pro Congregatione In honore (sic) sanctae Mariae,’ St. Ambrose is mentioned in both collect and postcommunion, as he is also in the ‘Nobis quoque peccatoribus’ and in the embolism after the Pater noster. There can be no question that the saint mentioned in the two prayers—Defende, quaesumus and Copiosa—is normally the patron of the monastery, and that this particular mass-formulary has in this book been adapted for use in a church dedicated to the famous bishop of Milan. It would be interesting, therefore, to find in the province of Ravenna a monastery dedicated to St. Ambrose, so remote, too, perhaps from the metropolitan city as not to be obliged or inclined to keep all its local observances. Such a monastery did, indeed, exist—Sancti A mbrosii de Rancla (Ranclo; the modern Ranchio), situated about seven kilometers north-northwest of Sarsina, the episcopal city of the diocese to which it belonged, a suffragan see of Ravenna—and although no chronicle or annals, recounting the inner and outer history of the abbey would seem to be extant, the archives of the diocese, meagerly published, to be sure, do give us for the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries an occasional glimpse of its fortunes, at times perhaps even more.

“We the People of Israel”: Covenant, Constitution, and the Supposed Biblical Origins of Modern Democratic Political Thought

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia R. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
American Federalism ◽  
We The People

Abstract As an originally political term, study of the concept of “covenant” has long demonstrated the intersection of biblical studies and political theory. In recent decades, the association between covenant and constitution has come to the forefront of modern political thought in attempts to find the origins of certain democratic ideals in the descriptions of biblical Israel, in order to garner either religious or cultural authority. This is exemplified in the claims of Daniel J. Elazar that the first conceptual seeds of American federalism are found in the covenants of the Hebrew Bible. Taking Elazar’s work as a starting and end point, this paper applies contemporary biblical scholarship to his definition of biblical covenant in order to reveal the influences of his own American political environment and that of the interpreters he is dependent upon. The notion that biblical covenant or its interpretation remains a monolithic or static concept is overturned by a survey of the diverse receptions of covenant in the history of biblical scholarship from the late 19th to the late 20th centuries, contrasting American and German interpretive trends. As such, I aim to highlight the reciprocal relationship between religion and politics, and the academic study of both, in order to challenge the claim that modern political thought can be traced back to biblical conceptions.

I. Filmer's Patriarchal History

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Greenleaf
Keyword(s):  
Political Theory ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Legal History ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Time Out ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Filmer's political thought was made up of four elements. First of all, there were his critical remarks about some of the key ideas of his opponents, his analysis of such concepts as social contract, supremacy of the people, mixed government, and the like. Then there were his inquiries into the constitutional and legal history of this country which enabled him to show, for instance, that the claim of the House of Commons to have been time out of mind an integral part of Parliament equal to Lords and monarch was not tenable. Thirdly, there was his assimilation of royal to paternal power, an analogy fundamentally cast in terms of the philosophy and political theory of order and which enabled him to ascribe the undoubted contemporary authority of a paterfamilias to the pater patriae. Finally, there was a genea-logical argument purporting to derive the supreme authority of a king neither from the people over whom he ruled nor from some ecclesiastical intermediary like the pope but lineally from God through inheritance of the dominion which had been divinely bestowed upon Adam.

scholarly journals UKRAINIAN NATIONAL IDEA AT THE DECISIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Natalia Kovalchuk ◽  
Liudmyla Ovsiankina
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Moral Virtues ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Baroque Era ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article analyzes the specifics of the Ukrainian Baroque era, which stimulated the formation of the Ukrainian nation and the Ukrainian national idea, which acted as a unity of "physical sword" and "spiritual sword". The historical mission of Ukrainian civilization at that time, which was closely connected with the Cossacks, who embodied the spirit of freedom, free individuality, protection of the homeland from external and internal enemies, is revealed. It is believed that the Zaporozhian Sich, as a spiritual component of the Cossacks, demonstrated not only the strength and power of the Cossack shablyuk, but also was an example of patriotism, courage, high moral virtues inherent in knights. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the educational activities of the fraternities and, above all, the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy as a fortress of spirituality. M. Drahomanov’s powerful contribution to the development of the Ukrainian national idea, which should be deeply connected with the history of the people, its mentality and traditions, has been studied. The significance of the role of the figure of Ivan Franko, who was one of the first in the Ukrainian political thought of the XIX-XX centuries to form the concept of the Ukrainian political nation as the main component of the national idea, is revealed.

scholarly journals The Historiae Florentini populi by Poggio Bracciolini. Genesis and Fortune of an Alternative History of Florence

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Outi Merisalo
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Recent History ◽  
The People ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Official History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Output ◽  
Language Text

During the last years of his life, Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), former Apostolic Secretary and Chancellor of Florence, was working on a long text that he characterized, in a letter written in 1458, as lacking a well-defined structure. This was most probably his history of the people of Florence (Historiae Florentini populi, the title given in Jacopo’s dedication copy to Frederick of Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino), revised and published posthumously by Poggio’s son, Jacopo Bracciolini (1442-1478). Contrary to what is often assumed, Poggio’s treatise was not a continuation, nor even a complement, to Leonardo Bruni’s (1370-1444) official history of Florence. It concentrates on the most recent history of Florence from the fourteenth-century conflicts between Florence and Milan through Florentine expansion in Tuscany and finally reaching the mid-fifteenth century. This article will study the genesis and fortune of the work in the context of Poggio’s literary output and the manuscript evidence from the mid-fifteenth century until the first printed edition of the Latin-language text by G.B. Recanati in 1715.

A Cultural History of the Home in the Renaissance

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The People ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This volume addresses the relationship between people and their homes in Christian areas of Western Europe in the Renaissance, traced from the late fourteenth century to around 1650. The two centuries after 1450 were characterised by a cluster of interrelated forces that led to significant changes in the material, social, cultural, economic and political landscape. The essays in the volume vary in their geographical focus of study and disciplinary approach but taken together they try to uncover the impact of these changes on how people used, thought and felt about their homes in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They try to understand what home meant – or if home even existed as a concept – for the people and the places they discuss. They also consider ways in which gender, status, age and geography contributed to different meanings of home, both as an idea and as a place to live.

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