Absolute Participial Construction Theory: Controversial Issues

The study focuses on current problems associated with the evolution of absolute participial construction and its linguistic status in the French language. It has been established that, borrowed from classical Latin, the absolute construction with an ablative was accepted to the Old French language, presumably in the 13 th –14 th centuries thanks to translations from the Latin language. Widely used in literature, the construction caused disputes among grammarians and only at the beginning of the 20 th century it was recognized as normative. In the second part of the article, a review of the Russian and foreign scientific literature is made, the most controversial issues and the author's own position based on corpus data are formulated. The properties inherent in all types of absolute participial constructions are determined: binarity, semantic duality, expression of predominantly temporary, causal meaning or value of an accompanying action, mobility, syntactic optionality in relation to a matrix sentence, the possibility of functioning only as part of a complex sentence. It was revealed that this construction is an economical formal way of expressing a proposition based on a secondary predicative connection. The features of constructions with present participles, past participles and complex past participles are analyzed. The conclusion is made about the need for a differentiated approach to the analysis of these types of absolute structures. The prospect of further studies of linguistic structures is shown.

Using the Lingua Latina e-learning course in organizing students' independent work

В статье рассматривается дидактический потенциал электронного учебного курса Lingua Latina как образовательного ресурса для организации самостоятельной работы по латинскому языку. Научная новизна исследования заключается в разработке электронного учебного курса по латинскому языку на платформе Moodle с целью интенсификации учебного процесса. При решении задач исследования были поведены анкетирование студентов 1 курса с целью выявления уровня мотивации к самостоятельной работе с использованиеминформационно-коммуникационных технологий и тестирование остаточных знаний по изучаемой дисциплине. В анкете студенты обосновали выбор смешанной модели обучения: они предпочитают получать теоретические знания в онлайн-режиме, а отрабатывать навыки при непосредственном контакте с преподавателем. Результаты исследования показали, у 75,7% студентов, выполняющих задания для самостоятельной (внеаудиторной) работы в электронной информационно-образовательной среде (ЭИОС) в сочетании с очными консультациями преподавателя, сформированны общепрофессиональные компетенции. The article examines the didactic potential of the Lingua Latina e-learning course as an educational resource for organizing independent work on the Latin language. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of an electronic training course in Latin on the Moodle platform in order to intensify the educational process. When solving the research tasks, a survey of 1st-year students was conducted in order to identify the level of motivation for independent work using information and communication technologies and testing of residual knowledge in the discipline under study. In the questionnaire, students justified the choice of a mixed learning model: they prefer to receive theoretical knowledge online, and to practice skills in direct contact with the teacher. The results of the study showed that 75.7% of students who perform tasks for independent (extracurricular) work in an electronic information and educational environment (EIOS) in combination with face-to-face consultations.

Edukacja wczesnoszkolna versus język łaciński — podręczniki

The article presents three coursebooks on the Latin language, published in years 2006–2018 in Poland. The author examines the advantages and disadvantages of the books and wonders if they may be used as teaching materials during early school education, i.e. in primary school, grades 1–3.

Between the Middle Ages and the modern age, the Italian contribution to European reflection on epidemics: did jurists advise governments?

This work aims to present what some Italian jurists at the beginning of 16th century, during a new series of epidemics, thought useful to prevent and preserve from epidemics. Their tracts, in Latin language, were widespread all over Europe since they summarized the experience of many centuries. Their advices were given governments to show how many possibilities were open to deliberate according to the European common law and therefore they are useful tools to judge the enacted local provisions.

Suggestions on an Editorial Guideline for the Latin Language Peace Treaties between the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empire Based on the 18th-century Case Study

The aim of the paper is to provide a conceptual and theoretical framework for transcription of Latin historical texts based on the case study of the peace treaty of Passarowitz (1718). The article discusses some of the major works on editing Latin source publications concerning the scripts originating from the territories of the Hungarian kingdom. The paper attempts to provide answers for two major questions. Firstly, why should a specific sample-based guideline be elaborated on in case of the Ottoman-Habsburg Latin peace treaty documents and secondly, how should it be done. In accordance with that, the paper presents a sample guideline in the appendix, with transcriptional examples for the most of the relevant problems, covering the issues of transcription, editorial

The features of the Latin grammatical system as the cognitive-communicative basis of medical terminology

В статье рассматривается проблема адекватности грамматической системы латинского языка ее использованию в медицинской терминологии. Актуальность темы обусловлена когнитивно-коммуникативным подходом к анализу материала. С появлением когнитивных исследований термин предстает не как застывшее образование, но как представляемый чувственно и мыслительно воспринимаемый объект. В его основе лежит концепт, квант структурированного знания. Научная новизна исследования заключается в анализе роли латинской грамматики в процессе формирования медицинской терминологии коллективным адресантом, гуманистами эпохи Возрождения. Сущность системы латинского склонения имен существительных состоит в присоединении к различным основам сравнительно небольшого числа падежных окончаний, сходных для ряда склонений. Номинации в процессе коммуникации осуществляются общими процессами и принципами. Склонение I и II групп имен прилагательных дифференцировано в зависимости от того, на какие типы склонения имен существительных они ориентированы. Термины-словосочетания рассматриваются в аспекте межуровневого взаимодействия морфологии и синтаксиса. Имея четкую когнитивную и коммуникативную направленность, термины-словосочетания отличаются строгой семантической, морфологической и синтаксической структурой. Особенности грамматической системы латинского языка обусловливают в медицине легкость восприятия, глубину понимания адресатом и быстроту его реакции в процессе профессиональной коммуникации. The paper discusses the problem of the adequacy of the grammatical system of the Latin language in medical terminology. The relevance of the topic is due to the cognitive-communicative approach to the analysis of the material. Anthropocentrism, with its focus on the intelligent human being, necessitated a review of the terminology and interpretation of the term as a word limited by its special purpose and an unambiguous and accurate expression of the concept. With the advent of cognitive research, the term appears not as a ‘frozen’ formation, but as a sensually and mentally perceived object. It is based on the concept, a “quantum” of structured knowledge. However, stepping from the field of a common language the language of medicine, the word presenting the concept becomes the name of the concept, expressing medical reality as a term. The scientific novelty of the study is to solve the problem of the formation of medical terminology based on the system of the Latin grammar, morphology and syntax by the collective addressee, humanists of the Renaissance. For medical terminology, two parts of speech are chiefly required for professional purposes: nouns and adjectives. The essence of the Latin declension system of the noun consists in attaching a relatively small number of case endings to various stems, with some endings shared by different declinations. The process of nomination is guarded by general principles. Adjectives are divided into two groups. The first and second declension of adjectives is differentiated depending on the declension of nouns they modify. Phrase terms are considered in the inter-layer interaction of morphology and syntax. There is special attention to psychosystematics, which puts forward the concept of linguistic virtuality — the repository in our thinking in terms of concepts (cogitative algorithms for the formation of words as parts of speech) (G. Guillaume, L. M. Skrelina) before their use in speech (small syntax). With a clear cognitive and communicative orientation, phrase terms are distinguished by a formal semantic, morphological and syntactic structure. In medicine, the peculiarities of Latin grammar facilitate perception, contribute to the depth of understanding by the addressees and the speed of their reaction in the process of professional communication

Notas marginales anónimas en un ejemplar de la edición de los Facta et Dicta Memorabilia de Valerio Máximo a cargo de Juan María de Terranova (Salamanca, 1560)

Las notas marginales, escritas en latín, castellano y griego, encontradas en un ejemplar de la edición de Facta et Dicta Memorabilia realizada por Juan María de Terranova en Salamanca (Archivo Municipal de Gijón, R/1), son el objeto de análisis de este trabajo. El estudio de estos elementos paratextuales supone la muestra de no solo un alto grado de interés por el texto de Valerio Máximo que refleja, sino también de unos sólidos conocimientos de la lengua latina y, además, de las ediciones, comentarios y Annotationes posteriores del mismo autor, lo que deja entrever un profundo esfuerzo por parte del glosador para mejorar su ejemplar. The marginal notes, written in Latin, Spanish and Greek, found in a copy of the edition of Facta et Dicta Memorabilia edited by Juan María de Terranova in Salamanca (Archivo Municipal de Gijón, R/1), are the object of analysis of this work. The study of these paratextual elements reveals not only a high degree of interest in Valerius Maximus text, but also a solid knowledge of the Latin language and, moreover, of the later editions and commentaries on the same author, which shows a great effort by the glossator to improve his copy.

The Portrayal of the Germani in German Latin Textbooks

<p>This study investigates the ways in which the Germani have been portrayed in textbooks used for teaching and practising the Latin language in schools in Germany from 1872 to 2007. It is a contribution to the reception history of Roman ethnographic and historical writing about the Germani, especially Tacitus' Germania, but also Tacitus' Annals and Histories, and Caesar's Gallic War.The study also provides a perspective on the place of classics in education and society at large since the 1870s. Concentration on Germany has been necessary for the sake of time, space and thoroughness, though many of the trends discussed are related to developments in other countries or are indicative of broader trends across Europe. The first chapter discusses Christian Ostermann's textbooks from Prussia in the late 19th century. The content of these textbooks' practice sentences often reflects Nationalist trends in German society and the education system. In the second chapter the influential Ludus Latinus series represents the Weimar Republic. The series attempted to make Latin appealing to young learners and also shows the influence of the Kulturkunde theory, which made understanding of German culture the centre of the education system. In the third chapter the influence of National Socialism on Germany's education system is discussed with reference to a variety of textbooks of the period from 1938 to 1945. During this period, under the influence of racial ideology, nationalistic interpretations of ancient history and the close identification of Deutsche with Germani reached an extreme. Chapter four deals with the years from 1945 to 1970. After 1945, associations with the ideology of National Socialism made Germania and the Germani unpopular topics. Latin and Greek also became unfashionable subjects and experienced a 'crisis' from which they only slowly recovered due to radical reforms in the methodology of ancient language teaching (described in chapter 5), including the production of textbooks that aimed at providing greater understanding of the ancient world and challenged long-entrenched stereotypes. Public interest in Germany's ancient heritage (both Roman and Germanic) has increased in recent decades, and the content of textbooks reflects this trend. In addition, the process of European unification has led to new perspectives on the ancient world and its relevance to modern Germany and Europe as a whole.</p>

The Portrayal of the Germani in German Latin Textbooks

<p>This study investigates the ways in which the Germani have been portrayed in textbooks used for teaching and practising the Latin language in schools in Germany from 1872 to 2007. It is a contribution to the reception history of Roman ethnographic and historical writing about the Germani, especially Tacitus' Germania, but also Tacitus' Annals and Histories, and Caesar's Gallic War.The study also provides a perspective on the place of classics in education and society at large since the 1870s. Concentration on Germany has been necessary for the sake of time, space and thoroughness, though many of the trends discussed are related to developments in other countries or are indicative of broader trends across Europe. The first chapter discusses Christian Ostermann's textbooks from Prussia in the late 19th century. The content of these textbooks' practice sentences often reflects Nationalist trends in German society and the education system. In the second chapter the influential Ludus Latinus series represents the Weimar Republic. The series attempted to make Latin appealing to young learners and also shows the influence of the Kulturkunde theory, which made understanding of German culture the centre of the education system. In the third chapter the influence of National Socialism on Germany's education system is discussed with reference to a variety of textbooks of the period from 1938 to 1945. During this period, under the influence of racial ideology, nationalistic interpretations of ancient history and the close identification of Deutsche with Germani reached an extreme. Chapter four deals with the years from 1945 to 1970. After 1945, associations with the ideology of National Socialism made Germania and the Germani unpopular topics. Latin and Greek also became unfashionable subjects and experienced a 'crisis' from which they only slowly recovered due to radical reforms in the methodology of ancient language teaching (described in chapter 5), including the production of textbooks that aimed at providing greater understanding of the ancient world and challenged long-entrenched stereotypes. Public interest in Germany's ancient heritage (both Roman and Germanic) has increased in recent decades, and the content of textbooks reflects this trend. In addition, the process of European unification has led to new perspectives on the ancient world and its relevance to modern Germany and Europe as a whole.</p>

Conclusion

The Conclusion revisits the principal findings of each chapter and reflects on the lasting achievements of Jerome’s opus Paulinum, especially vis-à-vis the interpretive work of contemporary Latin-language commentators on Paul. Through his four Pauline commentaries he set out to equip Christians in a single weighty reference work with every tool they might need, right at their fingertips, for the advanced study of Paul, and in adapting the form and substance of the Greek exegetical tradition to an entirely new cultural and linguistic context, Jerome effectively recalibrated and retooled Latin biblical exegesis and created what was for all practical purposes a new species of the Pauline commentary in Latin.