Old Questions, New Data, and Alternative Perspectives: Families' Living Standards in the Industrial Revolution

We have used the household accounts of 1,350 husband-wife families to investigate trends in male earnings and family incomes. This evidence confirms the material progress suggested by trends in the real wage rates of adult males. But the budget data underscore occupational and regional distinctions, discontinuities in the growth process, and changes over time in the ability of other family members to offset the effects of the business cycle on men's earnings. Overall, family incomes grew less than male earnings.

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Talk labour and doing ‘being neoliberal mother’

Gender and Language ◽

10.1558/genl.20315 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Elinor Ochs ◽

Tamar Kremer-Sadlik

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Knowledge Economy ◽

Family Life ◽

Social Order ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Social Transformations ◽

Harvey Sacks ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

This essay considers the gendered work of childrearing through Harvey Sacks’ (1992) concept of doing ‘being ordinary’. While doing ‘being ordinary’ under-girds social order, what constitutes ‘ordinary’ changes over time. Neoliberalism ushered in middle-class childrearing ideologies that encourage parents to share ever more intensive responsibilities; yet, mothers ordinarily continue to assume the lion’s portion. Central to the intensive parenting practices primarily carried out by mothers is what we call ‘talk labour’, wherein dialoguing with children as conversational partners, beginning in infancy, is constant. The ubiquity of talk makes ordinary for young children a communicative style of heightened reflexivity about their own and others’ actions, ideas and sentiments – skills conducive to becoming a successful actor in the knowledge economy. This essay ties intensification of child-directed talk, critical to ‘doing being neoliberal mother’, to social transformations in family life rooted in modernity and the Industrial Revolution.

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Comparing Real Wage Rates

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.102.2.617 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 617-642 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Orley Ashenfelter

Keyword(s):

Great Recession ◽

Real Wage ◽

Wage Rate ◽

Preliminary Analysis ◽

Living Standards ◽

Nominal Wage ◽

Important Indicator ◽

The Great Recession ◽

Wage Rates ◽

Real Wage Rate

A real wage rate is a nominal wage rate divided by the price of a good and is a transparent measure of how much of the good an hour of work buys. It provides an important indicator of the living standards of workers, and also of the productivity of workers. In this paper I set out the conceptual basis for such measures, provide some historical examples, and then provide my own preliminary analysis of a decade long project designed to measure the wages of workers doing the same job in over 60 countries—workers at McDonald's restaurants. The results demonstrate that the wage rates of workers using the same skills and doing the same jobs differ by as much as 10 to 1, and that these gaps declined over the period 2000–2007, but with much less progress since the Great Recession. (JEL C81, C82, D24, J31, N30, O57)

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Tax Competition, Investment Irreversibility and the Provision of Public Goods

German Economic Review ◽

10.1111/geer.12058 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 408-421 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michele Moretto ◽

Sergio Vergalli ◽

Paolo M. Panteghini

Keyword(s):

Business Cycle ◽

Public Goods ◽

Tax Competition ◽

Capital Accumulation ◽

Business Risk ◽

Short Term ◽

The Business Cycle ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

AbstractThis article studies the effects of tax competition on the provision of public goods under business risk and partial irreversibility of investment. As will be shown, the provision of public goods changes over time and also depends on the business cycle. In particular, under source-based taxation, in the short term, public goods can be optimally provided during a downturn. The converse is true during a recovery: in this case, they are underprovided. In the long term, however, tax competition does not affect capital accumulation. This means that the provision of public goods is unaffected by taxation.

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Living within our means: The UK news construction of the austerity frame over time

Journalism ◽

10.1177/1464884917708870 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 313-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laura Basu

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

World Wide ◽

Living Standards ◽

Fiscal Stimulus ◽

Mainstream Media ◽

Economic Stagnation ◽

Before And After ◽

The Uk ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

In 2008, the financial crisis exploded onto the global scene, causing a world-wide recession and damage to public finances. Governments quickly switched from fiscal stimulus to retrenchment. Despite economic stagnation, falling living standards and rising not falling government debt, rulers have stuck to their austerity guns since then. Arguably, the mainstream media have played a central role in communicating austerity to publics. This article analyses the framing of austerity by the UK media over time, from the financial meltdown of 2008 until late 2015. It charts the emergence of a fledgeling austerity narrative from before the term was in common use, the establishment of a dominant austerity frame in 2009, the building of the frame before and after the 2010 elections and the fluctuations within the frame after 2010. It finds that, although there are considerable differences among the five outlets studied and changes over time, the central message overall has been that some degree of austerity is painful but necessary, and the general population is constructed as obliged to pay for the crisis.

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Comparison of two devices for measuring exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressures in patients with claudication

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000454 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Marie Urban ◽

Alban Fouasson-Chailloux ◽

Isabelle Signolet ◽

Christophe Colas Ribas ◽

Mathieu Feuilloy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Pressure ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Chemical Sensors ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Starting Values ◽

Two Systems ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure ◽

New Sensors ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Abstract. Summary: Background: We aimed at estimating the agreement between the Medicap® (photo-optical) and Radiometer® (electro-chemical) sensors during exercise transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcpO2) tests. Our hypothesis was that although absolute starting values (tcpO2rest: mean over 2 minutes) might be different, tcpO2-changes over time and the minimal value of the decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPmin) results at exercise shall be concordant between the two systems. Patients and methods: Forty seven patients with arterial claudication (65 + / - 7 years) performed a treadmill test with 5 probes each of the electro-chemical and photo-optical devices simultaneously, one of each system on the chest, on each buttock and on each calf. Results: Seventeen Medicap® probes disconnected during the tests. tcpO2rest and DROPmin values were higher with Medicap® than with Radiometer®, by 13.7 + / - 17.1 mm Hg and 3.4 + / - 11.7 mm Hg, respectively. Despite the differences in absolute starting values, changes over time were similar between the two systems. The concordance between the two systems was approximately 70 % for classification of test results from DROPmin. Conclusions: Photo-optical sensors are promising alternatives to electro-chemical sensors for exercise oximetry, provided that miniaturisation and weight reduction of the new sensors are possible.

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