Studies on Anafilaroides rostratus Gerichter, 1949 in Cats: II. The Life Cycle

1959 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Seneviratna
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Helix Aspersa ◽  
Stomach Wall ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Gravid Females

The first stage larva of Anafilaroides rostratus develops, after penetration into the foot of certain molluscs, Laevicaulis alte Fer. Mariella dussumieri Gray, Achatina fulica (Fer.) and Helix aspersa Müller. Two moults occur in the foot of these molluscs in 20–56 days depending on the temperature. After each moult the cuticle is shed. The details of development are described. The infective larvae are found in the foot of these molluscs. Natural infection was found in L. alte.Mice and chickens can act as auxiliary hosts. Probably rats, other rodents and birds can also act in the same capacity.The study of the development of the parasite in the cats is not complete. On ingestion the infective larvae penetrate the stomach wall and reach the lung where the third and the fourth moults occur. Exact times of the occurrence of the moults have not been definitely established. All moults are however completed by the 46th day; from then until the 58th day, immature helminths are found in the lungs. Fully gravid females are found on the 74th day, and larvae are first seen on the 78th day. The worms continue to produce larvae for more than 255 days after maturity. The duration of the life of the adult is probably considerably longer than one year.

Natural infection of the calanoid crustacean Epischura baicalensis by procercoids of Proteocephalus sp. in Listvenichnyi Bay, Lake Baikal

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.T. Rusinek ◽  
M.P. Bakina ◽  
A.V. Nikolskii
Keyword(s):  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Summer Generation ◽  
Copepodid Stage ◽  
One Year ◽  
South Baikal

AbstractNatural infection of the plankton Epischura baicalensis Sars (Calanoida: Temoridae) by procercoids of the genus Proteocephalus in Lake Baikal is analysed in detail. Over one year Epischura was infected by procercoids of proteocephalids at a prevalence of 0.13% (in Listvenichnyi Bay, South Baikal). Male E. baicalensis were infected more (0.39%). The number of procercoids of genus Proteocephalus was 2.7 specimens/m3. The largest number of procercoids was found in females (1.26), the least in the third copepodid stage (0.03 specimens/m3). Because of the close ecological contacts between E. baicalensis and Coregonus autumnalis migratorius it is probable that E. baicalensis is infected by P. exiguus, the species usually found in C. a. migratorius (Zaika, 1965). The parasite lives for about 8 months in the winter-spring Epischura generation and about 10 months in the summer generation.

scholarly journals Extremely Long-Closed Galls of a Social Aphid

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utako Kurosu ◽  
Shigeyuki Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
One Year ◽  
Evergreen Oaks

The aphidNipponaphis monzeni(Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) forms large, hard, completely closed galls on the evergreenDistylium racemosum, its primary host, in south-western Japan. By marking 100 galls on a tree and monitoring them over five years, and by sampling many immature galls from another tree in various seasons and dissecting them, we found that galls ofN. monzeniare initiated in June, that they remain small for at least 21–22 months and that tiny fundatrices survive for over one year. Some galls rapidly expand during April/May in the third year. Others remain small and swell up in the fourth year and still others in the fifth year. Full-grown galls open in November/December, and alates fly to evergreen oaks, the secondary host. Thus galls ofN. monzenitake 2.5 years to mature at earliest (3-year life cycle) and some galls 3.5 or 4.5 years (4- or 5-year life cycle).

Dissociation of the protective immune response in the mouse to Strongyloides ratti

1989 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Grove ◽  
Carolyn Northern
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Protective Immune Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Other Hand

ABSTRACTThe generation of protective immunity by various stages in the life-cycle of Strongyloides ratti and the phases against which resistance is directed has been examined in murine strongyloidiasis. Mice were exposed to natural, complete infections, were treated with thiabendazole (which largely resembles the natural infection), were treated with cambendazole (which restricts infection to the larval stage), or infected directly by oral transfer of adult worms. Mice that were infected with infective larvae alone did not become resistant to infective larvae or the complete infection but were resistant to adult worms implanted directly into the gut. Mice exposed to adult worms alone were resistant to natural infections and adults worms implanted directly but were not resistant to infective larvae. On the other hand, mice that had received prior natural infections showed evidence of resistance to infective larvae, adult worms, and natural, complete infections. It is concluded that there is immunological cross-reactivity between infective larvae and adult worms but that under certain circumstances the infective larvae are able to evade the host's protective immune response.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF MOLINEUS BARBATUS CHANDLER, 1942

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Experimental Host ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of

Using the ferret as an experimental host, the life cycle of Molineus barbatus was shown to be direct. All stages are described. The third-stage larva infects the host orally or percutaneously and subsequent stages develop in the mucosa of the small intestine. The male matures earlier than the female and eggs are laid in 8 to 13 days after infection. The parasite is highly pathogenic to ferrets but apparently less so to skunks and racoons.

Observations on the transmission of Angiostrongylus cantonensis from snail to rodent

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Noda ◽  
Ryuichi Uchikawa ◽  
Seiken Matayoshi ◽  
Yohsuke Watanabe ◽  
Atsuo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Rattus Rattus ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Achatina Fulica ◽  
Heavy Infection ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

ABSTRACTA survey of Angiostrongylus cantonensis was carried out to investigate the mode of transmission from molluse to rat in a fixed study area of Yoron Island from 1979 to 1982. Rattus rattus was found to be infected with a small number of worms in spite of heavy infection with third-stage larvae in Achatina fulica and an abundance of this snail in the area. Natural infection and/or susceptibility with A. cantonensis were confirmed in three small snail species. Bradybaena circulus, Fruticicola despecta and Luchuena reticulata. Young A. fulica was found to be infected with fewer third-stage larvae than mature A. fulica. It was concluded that molluscs which were infected with a small number of third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis play an important role in maintaining the life cycle of A. cantonensis. The percentage of rat stomachs containing molluse tissue was relatively low, and the incidence and infection was low in rats. Infection with A. cantonensis did not occur very often in R. rattus in nature.

The direct transmission of Andersonstrongylus captivensis Webster 1978 (Metastrongyloidea: Angiostrongylidae) in captive skunks Mephitis mephitis (Schreber)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1200-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
The Third ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Direct Life Cycle

Patent infections of Andersonstrongylus captivensis Webster 1978 were established in skunks by feeding infected lungs or gravid females removed from infected lungs. Feeding larvae recovered from infected faeces did not produce an infection. This is the third metastrongyloid for which a direct life cycle has been demonstrated. Possible methods of transmission could be by cannibalism, coprophagia, or at times of regurgitative feeding of young, although the latter has not been observed.

The life history and development of Toxocara cati (Schrank 1788) in the domestic cat

Parasitology ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 54-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Stomach Wall ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
The Third ◽  
Mouse Tissues

1. An account is given of the history, synonymy and host-range of Toxocara cati.2. Eggs of T. cati were fed to various animals, and the second-stage larvae were found in the tissues of earthworms, cockroaches, chickens, mice, dogs, lambs and cats.3. Cats were successfully infected by feeding eggs of T. cati and by feeding mice harbouring larvae in the tissues.4. In egg-infected cats the larvae were found in the liver, lungs, muscles and tracheal washings as well as in the digestive tract, indicating that they migrate through the tissues.5. In mice the larvae were found in the liver, lungs and muscles, but did not reach the alimentary tract. Changes occurred in the mouth region of the larvae in mouse tissues between 8 and 11 days after infection, but no actual moult was observed. No significant growth of the larvae was observed in mouse tissues.6. In mouse-infected cats the larvae were mostly confined to the wall and contents of the digestive tract.7. It appeared that the second moult occurred in the stomach wall of egg-infected cats at 3–10 days after infection; moulting larvae measuring 0·353–0·423 mm. in length; in a mouse-infected cat moulting larvae (length 0·459–0·765 mm.) were observed at 6 days after infection.8. In both egg- and mouse-infected cats the third-stage larvae grew in the stomach wall and moulted for the third time at a length of 0·9–1·2 mm. This occurred at about 10 days in mouse-infected cats and at about 19 days in egg-infected cats.9. The smallest fourth-stage larvae were found in the stomach contents whence they passed into the intestine. Probably they are at first attached to the wall and later become free in the intestinal contents.10. The fourth-stage larvae have lips resembling the adult; sexual differentiation occurs during this stage, being first evident at 1·5 mm.11. The fourth moult occurs in the intestine at a length of approximately 4·5–5·5 mm.12. In the adult stage the lateral alae gradually disappear and the cervical alae reach the adult form at a length of approximately 45 mm. The smallest female observed containing eggs in the vagina measured 55 mm. in length. Eggs were first observed in the faeces at 56 days after infection by eggs.13. The evidence from experimental and natural infection indicated that infection of cats with T. cati always takes place after birth.14. No larvae were found in the alimentary tract of dogs following experimental infection either with eggs or with infected mice.15. The relationship of the life history of T. cati to that of other ascaridid species, to the feeding habits of the definitive hosts, and in relation to the occurrence of human infection with this parasite is discussed.

LIME AND DAIRY PRODUCTION

1982 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
N.A. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
One Year ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

In a four year grazing trial with dairy cows the application of 5000 kg lime/ ha (applied in two applications of 2500 kg/ha in winter of the first two years) significantly increased annual pasture production in two of the four years and dairy production in one year. In three of the four years lime significantly increased pasture growth over summer/autumn with concurrent increases in milk production. In the last year of the trial lime had little effect on pasture growth but a relatively large increase in milkfat production resulted. A higher incidence of grass staggers was recorded on the limed farmlets in spring for each of the four years. In the second spring immediately following the second application of lime significant depressions in both pasture and plasma magnesium levels were recorded. By the third spring differences in plasma magnesium levels were negligible but small depressions in herbage magnesium resulting from lime continued to the end of the trial. Lime significantly raised soil pH, Ca and Mg levels but had no effect on either soil K or P. As pH levels of the unlimed paddocks were low (5.2-5.4) in each autumn and soil moisture levels were increased by liming, these factors may suggest possible causes for the seasonality of the pasture response to lime

Bankruptcy Model Construction and its Limitation in Input Data Quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Dana Kubíčková ◽  
◽  
Vladimír Nulíček ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
One Year ◽  
The University ◽  
Multivariate Discriminant

The aim of the research project solved at the University of Finance and administration is to construct a new bankruptcy model. The intention is to use data of the firms that have to cease their activities due to bankruptcy. The most common method for bankruptcy model construction is multivariate discriminant analyses (MDA). It allows to derive the indicators most sensitive to the future companies’ failure as a parts of the bankruptcy model. One of the assumptions for using the MDA method and reassuring the reliable results is the normal distribution and independence of the input data. The results of verification of this assumption as the third stage of the project are presented in this article. We have revealed that this assumption is met only in a few selected indicators. Better results were achieved in the indicators in the set of prosperous companies and one year prior the failure. The selected indicators intended for the bankruptcy model construction thus cannot be considered as suitable for using the MDA method.

The Return of N’Guyen Van Binh

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Geoff Read
Keyword(s):  
Third Republic ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Political Prisoner ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Indentured Servitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
One Year

This article explores the case of N’Guyen Van Binh, a South Vietnamese political prisoner exiled for his alleged role in “Poukhombo’s Rebellion” in Cambodia in 1866. Although Van Binh’s original sentence of exile was reduced to one year in prison he was nonetheless deported and disappeared into the maw of the colonial systems of indentured servitude and forced labor; he likely did not survive the experience. He was thus the victim of injustice and his case reveals the at best haphazard workings of the French colonial bureaucracy during the period of transition from the Second Empire to the Third Republic. While the documentary record is entirely from the perspective of the colonizers, reading between the lines we can also learn something about Van Binh himself including his fierce will to resist his colonial oppressors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document