scholarly journals Observations on brucella species based on the examination of 800 strains

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Cruickshank ◽  
B. Madge
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Brucella Species ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Usual Test ◽  
Veterinary Laboratory

An account is given of the examination by biochemical and serological methods of 800 strains of brucella sent for identification to the Brucella Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service.Most of the strains were isolated from milk in Great Britain, but strains from other countries, and from cases of undulant fever, were also examined.Of 738 strains from milk in Britain, 680 wereBr. abortus, of which sixty-two (9·1 %) were of a type inhibited by all the usual test-dyes in their customary concentrations. Thirty strains ofBr. melitensis, behaving typically in all laboratory tests, were obtained from milk from individual cows, herds or bulk sources.Br. melitensishas now been identified from twenty-four separate farms and one Tuberculin Tested bulk supply in this country. Eighteen strains behaved likeBr. abortusin biochemical tests, but serologically likeBr. melitensis.Of the relatively small number of strains isolated from patients with undulant fever in Britain, all those from persons infected in this country wereBr. abortus, with the exception of two laboratory infections withBr. melitensis. The organisms isolated in Britain from patients infected abroad comprised three strains ofBr. melitensis, one strain behaving biochemically likeBr. abortusand serologically likeBr. melitensis, and two behaving biochemically likeBr. melitensisand serologically likeBr. abortus. One of the latter was from a patient infected in southern Italy, and the examination of nineteen strains from that country showed that thirteen were of this type. The thionin-resistant type ofBr. abortuswas identified several times, from undulant fever cases in Rhodesia, Kenya and Italy. No strains ofBr. suiswere observed.I wish to thank the numerous bacteriologists who sent cultures and provided details of their isolation. A few submitted large numbers of strains and enabled a general picture of the prevailing types to be obtained. I am grateful to these and to the other bacteriologists who provided information about the herds from whichBr. melitensiswas isolated, in particular Dr P. H. Martin and Dr J. A. Sykes (Ipswich), Dr L. M. Dowsett (Norwich), Dr J. Kennedy (Newcastle, then at Stafford), Dr J. H. C. Walker (Luton), Dr E. H. Gillespie and Dr N. S. Mair (Leicester) and Dr J. E. Jameson (Brighton). I have also to acknowledge the help of Dr A. W. Stableforth, Director of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratory, who provided much bacteriological and veterinary information about the infected herds.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of hydatid disease in England and Wales

1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Stallbaumer ◽  
M. J. Clarkson ◽  
J. W. Bailey ◽  
J. E. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Hydatid Disease ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
The West ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
South Wales ◽  
West Midlands

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of hydatid disease in man in England and Wales, based on the data collected between 1981 and 1983 at the Hydatid Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service, is presented. The incidence of hydatid disease was 42 cases per annum, with 2 cases per million population occurring in Wales and 0·2 per million in England. The highest prevalence was in London amongst the immigrant population. The incidence in the indigenous population was 15·5 cases per annum, with 5·6 cases per million occurring in South Powys, parts of South Wales and Herefordshire. The population most at risk is the rural, farming community in that area, but the West Midlands is also an apparent focus of the disease.

scholarly journals Bacterial contamination of hospital food with special reference toClostridium welchiifood poisoning

1959 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. McKillop
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Serological Typing ◽  
Cooked Food

1. An examination of eighty-nine samples of uncooked and thirty-eight samples of cooked food purchased by one particular hospital showed that the purchased food was bacteriologically clean.2. A similar examination of 173 samples of food after it was cooked and prepared for serving in the hospital kitchens showed that, with the exception of cold chicken, the bacterial flora was greatly reduced by cooking. Ten of forty-six samples of cold chicken, however, were contaminated with fairly large numbers ofCl. welchii.3. An investigation into the cooking and handling of the fowls indicated that contamination of the cooked fowls with kitchen dust was a probable explanation for the presence ofCl. welchii.4. Immediate refrigeration of the fowls, well separated on shallow trays, was shown to be a satisfactory method of preventing the growth of contaminatingCl. welchiito any dangerous extent.5. Six outbreaks of food poisoning, in which there was an association between cold chicken and the clinical symptoms ofCl. welchiifood poisoning, are reported and discussed.I have pleasure in thanking Dr Betty Hobbs of the Food Hygiene Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service at Colindale for the serological typing of numerous strains ofCl. welchii; Mr D. B. Colquhoun for assistance with the phage-typing of the staphylococci; Mr G. Kerr for the photography; and the kitchen staff in the hospital concerned for making possible the numerous samplings of food and the other inquiries into the day-to-day affairs of the hospital catering department.

scholarly journals Cryptococcosis in the AIDS era

1989 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. R. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public

Cryptococcosis is not a commonly diagnosed disease. Records of its occurrence in Britain are virtually non-existent before 1945. when the Mycological Reference Laboratory (MRL) of the Public Health Laboratory Service was first established

scholarly journals Humane Slaughter of Edible Decapod Crustaceans

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1089
Author(s):  
Francesca Conte ◽  
Eva Voslarova ◽  
Vladimir Vecerek ◽  
Robert William Elwood ◽  
Paolo Coluccio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
The Public ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Increasing Demand

Vast numbers of crustaceans are produced by aquaculture and caught in fisheries to meet the increasing demand for seafood and freshwater crustaceans. Simultaneously, the public is increasingly concerned about current methods employed in their handling and killing. Recent evidence has shown that decapod crustaceans probably have the capacity to suffer because they show responses consistent with pain and have a relatively complex cognitive capacity. For these reasons, they should receive protection. Despite the large numbers of crustaceans transported and slaughtered, legislation protecting their welfare, by using agreed, standardized methods, is lacking. We review various stunning and killing systems proposed for crustaceans, and assess welfare concerns. We suggest the use of methods least likely to cause suffering and call for the implementation of welfare guidelines covering the slaughter of these economically important animals.

scholarly journals Salmonellas in sewage. A study in latent human infection

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. S. Harvey ◽  
T. H. Price ◽  
D. W. Foster ◽  
W. C. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Technical Success ◽  
Sewerage System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Multiple Sampling ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes

SUMMARYIn a residential estate of 4000 persons, containing neither industry nor retail butchers shops, salmonellas were regularly found in the sewerage system. They were frequently found in the sewage of a portion of the estate housing 1000 persons. The range of serotypes found was wide and some types suggested an exotic origin. No overt salmonella infection in the estate was reported during the period of survey, although local general practitioners had been previously alerted. Overt infection due to serotypes found in the survey were, however, reported in other areas of Glamorgan. Multiple sampling points in the sewerage system and a serological technique for examining samples contaminated with multiple salmonella serotypes were essential for the technical success of the survey.We should like to thank Prof. Scott Thomson for his advice in the preparation of this paper; Dr E. S. Anderson of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory and Bureau, Colindale, for phage-typing the strains of S. typhimurium and S. paratyphi B; and Dr G. J. G. King of the Public Health Laboratory, Bournemouth, for identifying the serotypes isolated. We should also like to thank Mr T. R. Liddington and Mr J. H. Price for their technical assistance.

RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND THE TIMING OF BAPTISM IN ENGLAND, 1538–1750

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. KITSON
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Public Performance ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Common Prayer

ABSTRACTThe religious reforms of the sixteenth century exerted a profound impact upon the liturgy of baptism in England. While historians' attention has been drawn to the theological debates concerning the making of the sign of the cross, the new baptism liturgy contained within the Book of common prayer also placed an innovative importance on the public performance of the rite in the presence of the whole congregation on Sundays and other holy days. Both religious radicals and conservatives contested this stress on ceremony and publicity throughout the early modern period. Through the collection of large numbers of baptism dates from parish registers, it is possible to measure adherence to these new requirements across both space and time. Before the introduction of the first prayer book in 1549, there was considerable uniformity among communities in terms of the timing of baptism, and the observed patterns are suggestive of conformity to the requirements of the late medieval church. After the mid-sixteenth century, parishes exhibited a range of responses, ranging from enthusiastic adoption by many communities to complete disregard in religiously conservative parts of Lancashire and Cheshire. Additionally, the popularity of saints' festivals as popular days for baptism fell markedly after 1660, suggesting a decline in the observance of these feasts.

Molecular and Conventional Typing Methods for Listeria monocytogenes: The UK Approach

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1102-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. McLAUCHLIN
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Polymorphism Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Dna Restriction ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Index Of Diversity

Subtyping systems for Listeria monocytogenes have proved to be of great use in the elucidation of the epidemiology of listeriosis. Considerations for devising strategies to subtype this organism are discussed, together with the surveillance methods, work load, and resources used by the Public Health Laboratory Service in London (England). A combination of both molecular and conventional typing methods are currently in use, and these comprise the established techniques of serotyping, phage-typing, and DNA restriction-fragment length polymorphism analysis, together with the experimental procedures of resistance to arsenite and cadmium and the detection of plasmid DNA. The efficacy of this approach is assessed using Simpson's index of diversity.

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