Relative choronology: three methods of reconstruction

1976 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Time Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Methods Of Reconstruction

In reconstructing protoforms and linguistic histories, many methods can and have been employed with varying degrees of effectiveness (cf. Bonfante, 1945, for a general discussion). For the specific purpose of establishing the time sequence of phonological changes according to which sound systems have evolved, traditionally two procedures have been most frequently followed: one is to sift the historical records for clues to the dates of linguistic innovations, and the other is to infer from the systematic correspondences between protoforms and their modern reflexes the internally motivated order of diachronic rules.

scholarly journals Geocomputing, New Technologies and Historical Analysis: Tools for a Changing Planet

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Trevisani
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Relationship

Modern Earth Scientists need also to interact with other disciplines, apparently far from the Earth Sciences and Engineering. Disciplines related to history and philosophy of science are emblematic from this perspective. From one side, the quantitative analysis of information extracted from historical records (documents, maps, paintings, etc.) represents an exciting research topic, requiring a truly holistic approach. On the other side, epistemological and philosophy of science considerations on the relationship between geoscience and society in history are of fundamental importance for understanding past, present and future geosphere-anthroposphere interlinked dynamics.

scholarly journals Violence and Warfare in Precontact Melanesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Younger
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Total Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records

Levels of interpersonal violence and warfare for 30 Melanesian societies at the time of contact with Europeans are estimated based on ethnographic and historical records. While violence was common in indigenous Melanesia, it was not ubiquitous and some societies experienced extended periods of internal and external peace. Interpersonal violence and warfare were correlated-when one occurred there was a high probability of finding the other. Violence was not dependent on total population. It was, however, higher for population density greater than 50 persons per square kilometer. Violence in Melanesia may have been stimulated by the large number of relatively small polities, many of which competed with one another for prestige and, in some cases, land.

PREDICTIVE DECOMPOSITION OF SEISMIC TRACES

Geophysics ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enders A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Spectral Decomposition ◽  
Past History ◽  
Decomposition Theorem ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volume Control ◽  
Minimum Phase ◽  
Arrival Times

The generalized harmonic analysis, or spectral decomposition, of a time series results in its representation in terms of its harmonic, or sinusoidal, components. This paper, on the other hand, develops in an expository manner the generalized regression analysis, or predictive decomposition, of a time series. This decomposition results in the representation of the time series at any moment in terms of its own observable past history plus an unpredictable, random‐like innovation. For the purposes of this paper, it is assumed that a seismic trace (recorded with automatic volume control) is additively composed of many overlapping seismic wavelets which arrive as time progresses. It is assumed that each wavelet has the same stable, one‐sided, minimum‐phase shape and that the arrival times and strengths of these wavelets may be represented by a time sequence of uncorrelated random variables. By applying the predictive decomposition theorem, it is shown how the wavelet shape may be extracted from the trace, leaving as a residual the strengths of the wavelets at their respective arrival times.

scholarly journals Piracy in a Contested Periphery: Incorporation and the Emergence of the Modern World-System in the Colonial Atlantic Frontier

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 542-564
Author(s):  
P. Nick Kardulias ◽  
Emily Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
World System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
World Systems ◽  
World Systems Analysis ◽  
Distinct Line ◽  
Freedom Of Action

This article uses world-systems analysis to examine the role that pirates and privateers played in the competition between European core states in the Atlantic and Caribbean frontier during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Piracy was an integral part of core-periphery interaction, as a force that nations could use against one another in the form of privateers, and as a reaction against increasing constraints on freedom of action by those same states, thus forming a semiperiphery. Although modern portrayals of pirates and privateers paint a distinct line between the two groups, historical records indicate that their actual status was rather fluid, with particular people moving back and forth between the two. As a result, the individuals were on a margin between legality and treason, often crossing from one to the other. In this study we discuss how pirates and privateers fit into the margins of society in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, also known as the Golden Age of Piracy, specifically using the example of Edward Teach, aka Blackbeard. The present analysis can contribute to our understanding not only of piracy, but also of the structure of peripheries and semiperipheries that in some ways reflect resistance to incorporation.

scholarly journals Genetics, surnames, grandparents' nationalities, and ethnic admixture in Southern Brazil: Do the patterns of variation coincide?

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Dornelles ◽  
S.M. Callegari-Jacques ◽  
W.M. Robinson ◽  
T.A. Weimer ◽  
M.H.L.P. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Lower Prevalence ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
European Descent

A total of 2,708 individuals from the European-derived population of Rio Grande do Sul, divided into seven mesoregions, and of 226 individuals of similar origin from Santa Catarina were studied. Seventeen protein genetic systems, as well as grandparents' nationalities, individuals' surnames, and interethnic admixture were investigated. The alleles which presented the highest and lowest differences were GLO1*2 (16%) and PGD*A (2%), respectively, but in general no significant genetic differences were found among mesoregions. The values observed were generally those expected for individuals of European descent, with the largest difference being a lower prevalence (34-39%) of P*1. Significant heterogeneity among mesoregions was observed for the other variables considered, and was consistent with historical records. The Amerindian contribution to the gene pool of European-derived subjects in Rio Grande do Sul was estimated to be as high as 11%. Based on the four data sets, the most general finding was a tendency for a northeast-southwest separation of the populations studied. Seven significant phenotype associations between systems were observed at the 5% level (three at the 0.1% level). Of the latter, the two most interesting (since they were also observed in other studies) were MNSs/Duffy and Rh/ACP.

Fifth Grade Readers' Comprehension of Explicit and Implicit Connective Propositions

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Westphal Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Sequence Relationships

Because many writers eliminate explicit connective words in order to reduce syntactic complexity and thereby increase comprehensibility, these studies were designed to investigate the effects of this elimination on reading comprehension. Sixty-four fifth graders of average reading ability each participated in one of two experiments. The explicitness of “because” in each of three experimental passages was manipulated in Experiment I by stating it explicitly in one version and implicitly in the other; in Experiment II, the explicitness of “after” was similarly manipulated. On the basis of current research in the area of discourse comprehension, it was predicted that the groups reading the passages in which the connectives were removed from the surface structure would recognize fewer of the connective concepts and recall fewer of the connected ideas than would the groups reading the passages in which the connective concepts were explicitly stated. The results indicated that the subjects did not generally comprehend the causal relationships regardless of their explicitness or implicitness and that they did generally comprehend the time-sequence relationships regardless of their explicitness or implicitness. Limited support was found for the hypothesis that the recall of a connective would be associated with a higher level of recall of the connected ideas.

European and African Tradition on the Rio Real

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-402
Author(s):  
G. I. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
West African ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Historical Detail

Those engaged in studying the history of West African coastal communities find themselves confronted with two different classes of material —historical sources, which are mainly written records produced by Europeans who visited or resided for short periods in the area; and anthropological sources, which are mainly local African oral tradition. There is a natural tendency for historians and for anthropologists each to confine themselves mainly to the class of material they understand best and to use the other, if they use it at all, uncritically and without regard to the interdependence of these two sources. The written sources were produced by people who knew little or nothing about the societies they were describing, and they can only become meaningful if seen against the ethnographic background. The African traditions on the other hand, if used alone, are no substitute for historical records. They are not concerned with an absolute time scale and can only be placed in the right historical perspective if they can be correlated with dated historical records. Neither class is capable of standing by itself; they have to be taken together and used to correct, check, and amplify each other. In addition, the written records have other faults of their own, notably the mesmerizing effect which can be achieved by an arresting statement once it has been recorded in print. The more frequently the statement is recorded the more authoritative it becomes. Captain Adams, for example, in his Sketches taken during ten voyages to Africa made a guess at the number of slaves exported annually from the Rio Real, and this figure of 20,000 was accepted uncritically and repeated by almost every subsequent writer on the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. When it is possible to take them together, however, a great many of the apparent differences between these two classes of material disappear. The African traditions at times provide more accurate historical detail than the written sources, while some of the latter are shown to be more legendary in character than the African and subject to just the same processes of compression and the same dependence on ‘structural time’.

Hincmar of Rheims as a Theologian of the Trinity

Traditio ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 455-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Donald Davis
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Deep Knowledge ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity

In one of the very few essays in English on Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, Eleanor Shipley Duckett calls him a prince of the Church, a statesman, an administrator, a scholar who rises far above the other figures she surveys and who stands out in the company of Charles the Great and Pope Nicholas I in the historical records of the ninth century. His long life, from his birth in northern France in 806, his entry into the monastery of St. Denis in 814, his consecration as archbishop in 845, to his death in 882 at Epernay while fleeing from the Danish invasion, was one long series of combats calling for a variety of talents. He revealed a deep knowledge of canon law in his various ecclesiastical disputes with recalcitrant clergy and laity, an astute diplomatic talent in his attempts to knit together the rapidly unraveling unity of the empire, a broad but unoriginal scholarship in his theological controversies over predestination and the Trinity which brought him to grips with the leading thinkers of the Carolingian renaissance, especially the redoubtable Saxon Gottschalk, monk of Orbais. It is with this last controversy that this paper will be concerned.

Early Domesticated Cottons from Archaeological Sites in Central Coastal Peru

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Stephens ◽  
M. Edward Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Gossypium Barbadense ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Coastal Peru

AbstractSeeds, fiber samples, and boll parts recovered from 4 pre-ceramic sites in the Ancon-Chillon area of Peru were compared with those of living forms, both wild and cultivated, collected from the coastal areas of Ecuador and Peru. All the living forms belong to the species, Gossypium barbadense L., and it was concluded that the archaeological cotton belonged to this same species. Chocolate and reddish-brown colored fibers recovered from 4 sites (Tank, Punta Grande, Pampa, and Camino) and encompassing a time sequence from approximately 2500 B.C. to approximately 1750 B.C. resembled closely those still to be found in present-day cultivars in coastal Peru and Ecuador. On the other hand, certain characteristics exhibited by the archaeological material (small beaked bolls, fuzzy seeds, narrow fiber diameter) resemble more closely those of present-day wild forms. Seed size and fiber diameter show progressive increases from the older to the more recent levels. The finding of (1) chocolate colored fibers and (2) a single boll with a fringeless nectary (both characteristic of G. barbadense) among the archaeological samples suggests that they represent a very early stage in the domestication of that species.

Chapter X: Language and the Natural Arts of Space and Time

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (S1) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
Richard Albert Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Time Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thought Process ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Space Time Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Actual Space ◽  
Language Issues

‘Behold at last the poet’s sphere!But who,’ I said, ‘suffices here?For, ah! so much he has to do;Be painter and musician too!. . . .No painter yet hath such a way,Nor no musician made, as they;And gather’d on immortal knollsSuch lovely flowers for cheering souls.Beethoven, Raphael, cannot reachThe charm which Homer, Shakespeare, teach.’ARNOLD, Epilogue to Lessing’s Laocoön.Nevertheless, the sensuous sound element does remain as the substratum of articulate language, and as language issues from the lips it issues in the same time sequence as does pure sound, for example, in music. But here is the unique difference which separates language fundamentally from the other four arts. As language issues from the lips, the pure ‘timeness’ of it, as we might say, is immediately transmuted and absorbed in the conventionalized connotation which is arbitrarily given to the differentiated sounds. Hence in the thought-process of intellecting the world by language the actual space-time world is translated first into pure time, that is, into sound, but is immediately, in the very act as it were, retranslated by the conventionalization of sound into its former space-time structure within the world of mind.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document