Reconsidering the history of like

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Clear Case ◽  
History Of ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Grammatical Roles

The history of the verb like has attracted a good deal of interest among linguists and students of the history of English, from Van der Gaaf (1904) and Jespersen (1927) up to Elmer (1981), Lightfoot (1981), and Fischer and Van der Leek (1983). The interest in this verb is caused by the fact that it presents a clear case of a verb changing its assignment of semantic to syntactic roles. In Modern English (ModE), this verb subcategorizes for a cause, which takes the grammatical role of object, and an experiencer, which plays the role of subject. But in Old English (OE), the semantic roles were assigned to the opposite grammatical roles:It is generally assumed (with an exception to be discussed below), that this change is an instance of syntactic reanalysis. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that no reanalysis of a structure has taken place; rather, a new subcategorization frame has been introduced and gradually ousted the old one.

scholarly journals Qur’ans of the Umayyads

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Andrew Rippin
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Original Text ◽  
History Of ◽  
Written Word

Qur’an manuscripts have attracted a good deal of attention from scholars, especiallyin the wake of the spectacular finds in the Great Mosque in Sanaa in1972. Some might suggest that this attention is superfluous or even reflectiveof a willful ignoring of the significance of the scripture’s oral transmissionand a privileging of the written word over the oral. However, careful studiesof these manuscripts tell us many things, such as early Muslim attitudes towardthe text, that cannot be documented otherwise. In fact, early manuscriptsare the only tangible source about the oral tradition itself. We can also see thatchanges in appearance in early manuscripts provide evidence of the perceptionand role of such copies and that this went through a significant transformation,especially during the Umayyad period (661-750).Studies done by knowledgeable scholars do not aim to establish an “original”text or to find fault with the modern version; rather, they aim to focuson such matters as the history of the Arabic script’s development and howmanuscripts were used. Of course, such early manuscripts also provide evidenceof textual variation, the precise dimensions of which have not alwaysbeen preserved by Muslim tradition. It is worth reiterating, however, that thesevariations are never of such extent that one can doubt the integrity of the textor its doctrinal or legal contents. Overall, the study of early Qur’an manuscriptsis a challenging task, subject to much scholarly speculation and thusdifference of opinion, especially due to the absence of colophons on the availabletexts thought to stem from the Umayyad period. This is generally the resultof the lost first and last pages in such manuscripts, for they are the first tobecome worn and detached and then disappear. Most of those manuscriptsavailable to us today are in a highly fragmented condition.François Déroche is the world’s leading scholar on matters related toQur’an manuscripts. The vast majority of his writing until now has been inFrench; his masterful examination of a single early exemplar, La transmissionécrite du Coran dans les débuts de l’islam, appeared in 2009. Thus many readersto whom his scholarship has not otherwise been accessible will welcomethis book written in English and marketed in a relatively inexpensive paperbackformat. The work originated as a series of four lectures given at the LeidenUniversity Centre for the Study of Islam and Society in 2010. Thoselectures were primarily the result of an extensive use of the resources held inIstanbul’s Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum ...

From unit-and-ten to ten-before-unit order in the history of English numerals

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Berg ◽  
Marion Neubauer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Old English ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Unit Order ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Significant Structural Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Order Change

AbstractIn the course of its history, English underwent a significant structural change in its numeral system. The number words from 21 to 99 switched from the unit-and-ten to the ten-before-unit pattern. This change is traced on the basis of more than 800 number words. It is argued that this change, which took seven centuries to complete and in which the Old English pattern was highly persistent, can be broken down into two parts—the reordering of the units and tens and the loss of the conjoining element. Although the two steps logically belong to the same overall change, they display a remarkably disparate behavior. Whereas the reordering process affected the least frequent number words first, the deletion process affected the most frequent words first. This disparity lends support to the hypothesis that the involvement or otherwise of low-level aspects of speech determines the role of frequency in language change (Phillips, 2006). Finally, the order change is likely to be a contact-induced phenomenon and may have been facilitated by a reduction in mental cost.

Welfare in Islamic Ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Islamic Ethics ◽  
Shareholder Primacy ◽  
Shareholder Returns ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
Societal Welfare ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
History Of

Islamic ethics provides alternatives to “shareholder primacy”—the view that managers should maximise shareholder returns subject to the law. Concern for societal welfare has remained under discussion throughout the history of mankind. Theories, philosophies, policies, legislations, and what not formulates time and again to make this world a happier place to live. Still, there is a search for even better models to organise market forces to deliver in terms of welfare of society. In the corporate world, a good deal of scholarship has been devoted to articulating and justifying the responsibilities and the role of business enterprises and their managers in relation to society. This chapter aims to discuss a framework for the welfare of society being extended by key stakeholders at contemporary workplaces ensuring happiness and prosperity for all.

Main and embedded clausal asymmetry in the history of English

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Elly van Gelderen
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Embedded Clauses ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Split Cp ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Matrix Verb

Abstract In this paper, I sketch the CP layer in main and embedded clauses in the history of English. The Modern English main clause is not as easily expandable as the Old English one, but the reverse is true in the subordinate clause, where Modern English has a more flexible embedded CP than Old English. I focus on the developments of the embedded CP. It has been claimed that Old English lacks an embedded split CP and therefore lacks embedded V2 and a host of other embedded root phenomena. I show this to be true for complements to both assertive and non-assertive verbs. In contrast, the Modern English matrix verb has an effect on the strength of the C-position. Assertive verbs in Modern English allow main clause phenomena in subordinate clauses whereas non-assertives typically do not. The main point of the paper is to chronicle the changes that ‘stretch’ the embedded clause and the changing role of main verbs. It is descriptive rather than explanatory, e.g., in terms of changes in phase-head status.

scholarly journals SENSATIONALISM MADE REAL: THE ROLE OF REALISM IN THE PRODUCTION OF SENSATIONAL AFFECT

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Janice M. Allan
Keyword(s):  
Difference Sets ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sensation Novel

Like all complicated relationships, that between realism and sensationalism has been subject to a good deal of rumour and speculation. In what might be described as the pair's first critical encounter – in an 1852 joint review of W. M. Thackeray'sThe History of Henry Esmondand Wilkie Collins's proto-sensation novelBasil– a critic forBentley's Miscellanyintimates that a partnership between two such different forms is anything but likely. “We have,” he explains, “put these two books ‘over against’ each other, to use one of Mr. Thackeray's favourite Queen-Anne-isms, because they have no kind of family resemblance. They are, indeed, as unlike each other as any two books can be. They constitute a kind of literary antithesis” (“Esmond” 576). The inherently contradictory nature of this originary “over against” gesture – conflating proximity and distance, contiguity and difference – sets the keynote for subsequent discussions, contemporaneous and current, of a generic relationship that continues to attract and elude definition.

William Nicolson, F.R.S. and the runes of the Bewcastle Cross

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Old English ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Early History ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Promising Source ◽  
The Church

The writings of a seventeenth/eighteenth century divine do not sound a promising source of material for a modern discussion of a point in Old English linguistics. Yet any examination of the runic texts engraved on the Bewcastle Cross, one of the most important and controversial monuments of Northumbrian art, must begin with a report of William Nicolson, a Cumberland cleric, Bishop of Carlisle from 1702 to 1718 and thereafter Bishop of Derry and nominated Archbishop of Cashel and Emly. In this connexion the student of Old English finds an interest in the early history of the Royal Society. O f Nicolson the man we know a good deal, for diaries, notebooks and many of his letters have survived. He had wide interests, which he pursued with energy. He engaged in the religious and political controversies of his time, studied languages, writing Latin and German with ease and having some knowledge of Scandinavian tongues, and also found time to be an antiquarian, local historian and student of the natural sciences. We find him writing on botanical and geological subjects, translating a work on astronomy, examining collections of coins and medals, observing local industries and their techniques, recording old inscriptions, collecting lists of local dialect words, remarking ancient and curious buildings, and commenting on folk customs. He corresponded with the learned antiquaries of his time, and wrote and edited books on antiquarian subjects. Among Nicolson’s interests was one in runic inscriptions. Besides recording the two rune-stones then known in his native county of Cumberland, he twice made the toilsome journey to Ruthwell in Dumfriesshire to see the fragments of the famous runic cross which lay in the church there. His drawings of the runic texts of one of these fragments are of the greatest importance to the modern runologist.

The Historical Imagination of Lucretius

1972 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Kenney
Keyword(s):  
Good Deal ◽  
Early History ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Historical Imagination ◽  
De Rerum Natura ◽  
Geological Record ◽  
Poetic Inspiration ◽  
History Of

ProfessorParatore, in a book that I suspect is too little known to students of Lucretius, has called the Fifth Book of the De Rerum Natura ‘perhaps the richest in poetic inspiration’ in the poem. No part of his subject, it seems, fired the poet's imagination more; and it is the quality of Lucretius' imagination as it is seen in his account of the early history of mankind that I have chosen to discuss. The role of the imagination in the work of the historian is reviewed by Professor G. R. Elton in his book The Practice of History: ‘The discovery of truth requires not only the equipment already discussed–acquaintance with the available evidence and scholarly assessment of it—but also imaginative reconstruction and interpretation. Evidence is the surviving deposit of an historical event; in order to rediscover the event, the historian must read not only with the analytical eye of the investigator but also with the comprehensive eye of the story-teller. The truth is the product of this double process.’ For a good deal of what he says about the history of early man Lucretius had very little evidence as we account it. He had some previous scholarly literature at his disposal, but most of that was theoretical: neither he nor his sources had access to the archaeological and geological record. Yet in certain parts of his subject, as we shall see, this enforced ignorance did not hamper him as much as might be expected, even in comparison with a modern investigator.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of differential phase contrast in electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
First Moment

Dekkers and de Lang (1977) have discussed a practical method of realising differential phase contrast in a STEM. The method involves taking the difference signal from two semi-circular detectors placed symmetrically about the optic axis and subtending the same angle (2α) at the specimen as that of the cone of illumination. Such a system, or an obvious generalisation of it, namely a quadrant detector, has the characteristic of responding to the gradient of the phase of the specimen transmittance. In this paper we shall compare the performance of this type of system with that of a first moment detector (Waddell et al.1977).For a first moment detector the response function R(k) is of the form R(k) = ck where c is a constant, k is a position vector in the detector plane and the vector nature of R(k)indicates that two signals are produced. This type of system would produce an image signal given bywhere the specimen transmittance is given by a (r) exp (iϕ (r), r is a position vector in object space, ro the position of the probe, ⊛ represents a convolution integral and it has been assumed that we have a coherent probe, with a complex disturbance of the form b(r-ro) exp (iζ (r-ro)). Thus the image signal for a pure phase object imaged in a STEM using a first moment detector is b2 ⊛ ▽ø. Note that this puts no restrictions on the magnitude of the variation of the phase function, but does assume an infinite detector.

The role of a family history of adenocarcinomas in patients with Barrett oesophagus

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrett Oesophagus
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