R-Software for the Assessment of Structural Changes in Fisheries Production of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for Indian GDP

A Chow test was applied to analyze the structural changes in GDP of India with respect to Fisheries GDP obtained from the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu using Unrestricted and Restricted Linear Regression models in matrix notation for the period of 2000–01 to 2013–14. The GDP and Fisheries GDP data pertaining to the state of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for the periods 2000–01 to 2006–07 and 2007–08 to 2013–14 were also collected for analyzing the structural changes between earmarked two periods as well as states from 2000–01 to 2013–14. In this study, the Chow test revealed that there was no structural change between the total GDP of India and Fisheries GDP with respect to the states Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the periods 2001–2007 and 2008 –2014. However, significant structural changes could be observed between the GDP of India and Fisheries GDP obtained from the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the period 2000–2001 to 2013–14.However, there was a positive trend of structural change observed in the states Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu with respect to the GDP of India and Fisheries GDP during the period 2000–2001 to 2012–14. Owing to theses, it is concluded that the contribution of fisheries with respect to the country’s GDP between the periods made a significant structural change however no many structural changes were observed in two time periods within the states.

Coordinated Diel Gene Expression of Cyanobacteria and Their Microbiome

Diel rhythms have been well recognized in cyanobacterial metabolisms. However, whether this programmed activity of cyanobacteria could elicit coordinated diel gene expressions in microorganisms (microbiome) that co-occur with cyanobacteria and how such responses in turn impact cyanobacterial metabolism are unknown. To address these questions, a microcosm experiment was set up using Lake Erie water to compare the metatranscriptomic variations of Microcystis cells alone, the microbiome alone, and these two together (whole water) over two day-night cycles. A total of 1205 Microcystis genes and 4779 microbiome genes exhibited significant diel expression patterns in the whole-water microcosm. However, when Microcystis and the microbiome were separated, only 515 Microcystis genes showed diel expression patterns. A significant structural change was not observed for the microbiome communities between the whole-water and microbiome microcosms. Correlation analyses further showed that diel expressions of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and micronutrient (iron and vitamin B12) metabolizing genes were significantly coordinated between Microcystis and the microbiome in the whole-water microcosm. Our results suggest that diel fluxes of organic carbon and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in Microcystis could cause the diel expression of microbiome genes. Meanwhile, the microbiome communities may support the growth of Microcystis by supplying them with recycled nutrients, but compete with Microcystis for iron.

Pattern and Levels of Income among Loan Waiver Beneficiary Households in Punjab

After a major change of 1991 in the Indian economy, there is a significant structural change not only in India but also in Punjab. Productivity in agriculture has reached its peak in Punjab and now the whole agriculture sector is burdened with the crisis of stagnation, overcapitalization, indebtedness, etc. Now it would be interesting to know the pattern and levels of income. This paper is an attempt to analyze the pattern and levels of income among loan waiver beneficiary households in Punjab using primary data of 318 households. The average household income of loan waiver beneficiary households was `229072.38, while it was the highest in Mansa district, followed by Ludhiana district and Hoshiarpur district. The study found that nearly 81 percent of the total income of households comes from agricultural sources and remaining from non-agricultural sources. Further huge inequalities of income were observed among beneficiary households. Inter-district inequalities showed that the Hoshiarpur district had minimum inequalities of income.

Structural change and productivity growth in Brazil: where do we stand?

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to discuss the evolution of the Brazilian labour productivity in the 1990s and 2000s to shed some light on the resilience of the Brazilian economy to recover growth. Labor productivity growth in Brazil, after showing positive annual rates between 1950 and 1979, became stagnant after 1980. Following McMillan and Rodrik’s (2011) methodology, this paper at first decompose labor productivity growth in the period 1950-2011, according to “structural change” (which is considered growth-enhancing) and “within effect” (which is growth-reducing, if not accompanied by significant structural change while the country is still pursuing its catching-up process). Next, an econometric exercised is presented to explain the determinants of the structural change component of the labour productivity since economic opening in the 1990s. The results show that the stagnation of the Brazilian productivity is explained by the overvaluation trend of the Brazilian currency, the reprimarization of the export basket, the low degree of Brazil’s trade openness and the high real interest rates prevailing in the period.

Introduction

From a war-torn and famine-plagued country at the beginning of the 1990s, Ethiopia is today emerging as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Growth in Ethiopia has surpassed that of every other sub-Saharan country over the past decade and the government has set its sights on transforming the country into a middle-income country by 2025, and into a leading manufacturing hub in Africa. Ethiopia’s unique model of development, where the state plays a central guiding role, has attracted much research interest from academics and the mainstream media. The major focus of this book, however, is the recent economic history, policies, and performance of the Ethiopian economy during a moment of ongoing and significant structural change. Recent experiences are set against the deeper background of the long-run trajectories and features of Ethiopian economic history and the wider sub-Saharan African political economy.

Structural basis for the recognition of muramyltripeptide byHelicobacter pyloriCsd4, aD,L-carboxypeptidase controlling the helical cell shape

Helicobacter pyloriinfection causes a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. Its colonization of the gastric mucosa of the human stomach is a prerequisite for survival in the stomach. Colonization depends on its motility, which is facilitated by the helical shape of the bacterium. InH. pylori, cross-linking relaxation or trimming of peptidoglycan muropeptides affects the helical cell shape. Csd4 has been identified as one of the cell shape-determining peptidoglycan hydrolases inH. pylori. It is a Zn2+-dependent D,L-carboxypeptidase that cleaves the bond between the γ-D-Glu and themDAP of the non-cross-linked muramyltripeptide (muramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-mDAP) of the peptidoglycan to produce the muramyldipeptide (muramyl-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu) andmDAP. Here, the crystal structure ofH. pyloriCsd4 (HP1075 in strain 26695) is reported in three different states: the ligand-unbound form, the substrate-bound form and the product-bound form.H. pyloriCsd4 consists of three domains: an N-terminal D,L-carboxypeptidase domain with a typical carboxypeptidase fold, a central β-barrel domain with a novel fold and a C-terminal immunoglobulin-like domain. The D,L-carboxypeptidase domain recognizes the substrate by interacting primarily with the terminalmDAP moiety of the muramyltripeptide. It undergoes a significant structural change upon binding eithermDAP or themDAP-containing muramyltripeptide. It it also shown that Csd5, another cell-shape determinant inH. pylori, is capable of interacting not only withH. pyloriCsd4 but also with the dipeptide product of the reaction catalyzed by Csd4.

Term Structure of Interest Rates with B-Spline Model during the Money-Shortage-Event in China

Using the price data of bonds’ transactions during June 2013, the discounting function is fitted by non-uniform cubic B-Splines and yield curves are modeled. Models’ single parametric test and total test are both significant. Furthermore, the structural change’s test shows that there is no significant structural change between adjacent transaction days, which means that the bonds’ market is relatively steady during June 2013.