Extended phylogeny and a revised generic classification of thePannariaceae(Peltigerales, Ascomycota)

We estimated phylogeny in the lichen-forming ascomycete familyPannariaceae. We specifically modelled spatial (across-site) heterogeneity in nucleotide frequencies, as models not incorporating this heterogeneity were found to be inadequate for our data. Model adequacy was measured here as the ability of the model to reconstruct nucleotide diversity per site in the original sequence data. A potential non-orthologue in the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) ofDegelia plumbeawas observed. We propose a revised generic classification for thePannariaceae, accepting 30 genera, based on our phylogeny, previously published phylogenies, as well as available morphological and chemical data. Four genera are established as new:Austroparmeliella(for the ‘Parmeliella’laceratagroup), Nebularia(for the ‘Parmeliella’incrassatagroup),Nevesia(for ‘Fuscopannaria’sampaiana), andPectenia(for the ‘Degelia’plumbeagroup). Two genera are reduced to synonymy,Moelleropsis(included inFuscopannaria) andSantessoniella(non-monophyletic; type included inPsoroma).Lepidocollema, described as monotypic, is expanded to include 23 species, most of which have been treated in the ‘Parmeliella’marianagroup.HomotheciumandLeightoniella, previously treated in theCollemataceae, are here referred to thePannariaceae. We propose 41 new species-level combinations in the newly described and re-circumscribed genera mentioned above, as well as inLeciophysmaandPsoroma.