Soil Microfungi of the Colombian Natural Regions

Although Colombia was one of the first tropical countries where an effort was made to gather mycological flora, contributions to the taxonomy, diversity, and ecology of soil microfungi are still scarce. In this study, the diversity of soil microfungi was studied collecting data from literature according to the Colombian natural regions: Andean, Amazonian, Caribbean, Orinoquía, Pacific, and Insular. The majority of the records comes from the Andean region, the most accessible to research. The other regions have been much less studied, with the Insular one with no data at all. International literature reported, up to now, ca. 300 different species of soil microfungi belonging to 126 different genera and 6 phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Mortierellomycota, and Olpidiomycota). Vescicular-Arbuscular fungi were widely investigated with Acaulospora and Glomus, the most recorded genera with ca. 20 species each. Ascomycota was the most diverse phylum with Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium representing the majority. Mortierella is strongly present in Mortierellomycota, and in the panorama of all recorded fungi, too. The other phyla and genera were less recorded. It is, therefore, evident the need to continue studying the soil microfungi in Colombia to have a better understanding of soil functioning and its ecosystem services.

KEANEKARAGAMAN MIKROFUNGI TANAH DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BAUMATA DESA BAUMATA KECAMATAN TAEBENU KABUPATEN KUPANG

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis mikrofungi dan keanekaragaman jenis mikrofungi yang terdapat pada Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Baumata. Pada penelitian ini mengunakan metode observasi langsung dan Direct metoch . Penelitian dilakukan di TWA Baumata dan proses isolasi dan identifikasi mikrofungi tanah pada laboratorium biologi Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana Kupang dan laboratorium Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang dari bulan November 2017 sampai dengan bulan April 2018. Mikrofungi yang teridentifikasi dibedakan jenisnya kemudian di hitung indeks keanekaragamannya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 5 jenis mikrofungi tanah yang terdapat pada TWA Baumata yakni Mikrofungi Aspergilus terreus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Penicillium sp., Thamnidium elegans. Tahapan yang dilalui untuk mendapatkan kelima jenis mikrofungi tanah ini adalah melalui tahapan isolasi, pemurnian dan identifikasi. Dengan menggunakan rumus shannon wiener hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat keanekaragam mikrofungi pada TWA Baumata tergolong sedang dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman (H’) = 1.2691. Hasil Analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi tanah TWA Baumata memiliki produktivitas cukup, tekanan ekologi sedang dan kondisi ekosistem yang cukup seimbang. Kata kunci: Keanekaragaman, Mikrofungi Tanah, dan Taman Wisata Alam Baumata. Abstract The research to purpose determine the types of microfungi and the diversity of microfungi found in Baumata Natural Tourism Park (TWA). In the reaseaech using direct observation methods and direct metoch. The research was conducted in Baumata TWA and the process of isolation and identification of soil microfungi in the biology laboratory of the Biology Education Study Program at the Arta Wacana Kupang Christian University and the Plant Disease Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Nusa Cendana Kupang, from November 2017 to April 2018. The identified microfungi are of different types and then count the diversity index The results showed that there were found 5 types of soil microfungi found in Baumata TWA is Microfungi of Aspergilus terreus, Aspergilus flavus, Aspergilus niger, Penicillium sp., Thamnidium elegans. The stages that are passed to get these five types of microfungi are through the stages of isolation, purification and identification. By using the shannon wiener formula the results of the analysis show that the diversity of microfungi in Baumata TWA is classified as moderate with a diversity index (H ') = 1.2691. The results of this analysis indicate that Baumata TWA soil conditions have sufficient productivity, moderate ecological pressure and fairly balanced ecosystem conditions. Keywords: Diversity, Soil Microfungi, and Natural Park Baumata

Microfungi from soils оf Heiss Island (Franz Joseph Land)

The complexes of soil microfungi of Heiss Island (Franz Joseph Land) in natural (upland) coenoses and coenoses affected by anthropogenic pollution were studied. Total 39 microfungi species were identified. Most species belong to ascomycetous anamorphic fungi. Most isolates are represented by species of Acremonium, Cadophora, Cladosporium, Geomyces, Mortierella, Phialophora, Phoma and Thelebolus and attributed not to psychrophilic strains, but to psychrotrophic ones that can grow in a wide range of temperatures. Low number of colony-forming units (from 50 to 1200 CFU per 1 g of soil) and limited species composition are typical of natural coenoses of polar desert. The soil mycobiota structure was changed under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

Microfungi in the soil of Scots pine forest in Poland and Germany

The soil microfungi in two 17-year-old Scots pine forest soils were surveyed. One forest was located in Poland, and the other in Germany,300 km apart. The total number of fungal taxa detected was 55 and included 11 zygomycetes, 1 ascomycete and 43 mitosporic fungi. From the Polish and German soils, 145 and 122 isolates representing 43 and 32 fungal species, respectively, were recorded. The most common genera were <i>Penicillium</i> (25% and 44%) with 11 and 8 species, <i>Umbelopsis</i> (15% and 14%) with 2 species, <i>Oidiodendron griseum</i> (10% and 9%), <i>Mortierella</i> (8% and 3%) with 4 and 2 species, and <i>Trichodemta</i> (6% and 2%) with 3 and 2 species, in the Polish and German soils, respectively. Only 18 taxa (32.7%) were recorded in both soils. Twenty five separate taxa (45.5%) were re00rded only in the Polish, and 12 taxa (21.8%) only in the German soil. Three dominant species, with percentage > 3% in the fungal community, found in both soils were <i>Umbelopsis vinacea</i> (13.8% and 8.2%), <i>Oidiodendron griseum</i> (10.3% and 9%) and <i>Penicillium janczewskii</i> (3.4% and 11.5%). The small number of fungi shared by both soils contributes to the opinion that there is a high species diversity among the microfungi in one European Scots pine forest soil ecosystem.