Experiments in the “Tryposafrol” Treatment of Trypanosomiasis (T. brucei) in Guinea-pigs and of Piroplasmosis in Dogs

Parasitology ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-228
Author(s):  
G. H. F. Nuttall ◽  
E. Hindle
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Injurious Effect ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Canine Piroplasmosis

All of our guinea-pigs infected with Trypanosoma brucei (strain “ferox”) died whether they were treated or not. It is evident that both tryposafrol and novo-tryposafrol exerted a directly injurious effect upon the guinea-pigs. Reckoning the day on which the guinea-pigs were inoculated as day 1, the 19 treated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 18, 19, 19, 26, 27 and 33. The six untreated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 23, 25, 25, 27, 44 and 45. The two preparations of the dye are therefore worse than useless as remedies for Nagana in guinea-pigs.Five dogs were infected with Piroplasma canis (Cambridge strain) of which four were treated and one not treated with novo-tryposafrol.All of the dogs died although treatment was given under the most favourable conditions, starting on the day of inoculation. The four treated dogs died on days 12, 9, 17 and 12 after inoculation respectively; the untreated (control) dog died on the 13th day. The drug exerted no influence upon the course of the disease, nor upon the appearance of the parasites and their progressive increase in the blood. Novo-tryposafrol may therefore be regarded as useless in the treatment of canine piroplasmosis, and, judged from these results on dogs, it will no doubt prove to be equally useless in the treatment of bovine piroplasmosis when it has received a scientific trial in competent hands.In view of the negative results obtained by ourselves and other independent investigators, working especially with trypanosomiasis, we conclude that the value of tryposafrol or novo-tryposafrol as a remedy for any of the diseases enumerated by the authors is open to grave doubt since the chief claims as to its efficacy were based on experimental results which the authors state that they obtained with Nagana.

scholarly journals Efficacy of newer insecticides against sucking pests of rice fallow blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Swathi ◽  
P. Seetharamu ◽  
S. Dhurua ◽  
M. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Vigna Mungo ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Cent Disease ◽  
Thrips Population

A field experiment was conducted to determine the efficacy of different insecticides against sucking pests viz., thrips, Caliothrips indicus Bangall and whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, infesting blackgram in North coastal Andhrapradesh at Agricultural College, Naira during rabi 2017-2018.The experimental results revealed that all the treatments showed significant differences in reducing the population of sucking pests over untreated check. Among the tested insecticides, thiacloprid 21.7 SC @ 0.0325% was found to be highly effective against thrips by reducing74.80 per cent thrips population followed by acetamiprid 4 % + fipronil 4% @ 2ml l-1 with 70.81 per cent over untreated control, whereas flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.0325% was very effective against the population of whitefly byreducing 72.19 per cent and lowest per cent disease incidence (17.66%) followed by acetamiprid 4% + fipronil 4% @ 2ml l-1 (64.94%) and thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.005% (62.21%) which were on par with each other over control.

scholarly journals The Ticks of Rodents and their Nests, and the Discovery that Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latr. is the Vector of Tropical Typhus in Kenya

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Isgaer Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Unfavourable Weather ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

1. Earlier attempts to trace the vector of tropical typhus in Kenya failed. The only references to the subject in the available literature consist of mere suggestions that a mite would most likely prove to be the transmitter.2. An investigation made in an area whence most Nairobi cases of tropical typhus were reported, suggested that a tick (R. pulchellus) would be the most likely vector.3. Transmission experiments made in the belief that one of the unclassed fevers of man was conveyed by R. pulchellus have so far yielded negative results. There is, however, sufficient circumstantial evidence available pointing to this tick as vector of a form of mild typhus to man—this demands further investigation.4. At Mombasa and Nairobi, houses reported to be heavily infested with ticks, or houses investigated after the occurrence of the tropical typhus in them, have yielded only R. sanguineus.5. R. sanguineus (3 ♀), taken from a dog in a house where the last typhus case had occurred 8 months previously, gave a typical typhus syndrome when emulsified and inoculated into a male guinea-pig. R. sanguineus (1 ♀, 12 ⊙), taken in a house where a child had recently contracted typhus, also gave a positive result with guinea-pigs and the virus was further transmitted by passage through other guinea-pigs.6. The infestation of houses by R. sanguineus and the incidence of tropical typhus among human beings appear to be influenced by unfavourable weather conditions, causing the ticks to seek relatively dry and warm places for purposes of oviposition or metamorphosis, thus invading houses. In the absence of dogs, its usual hosts, the tick attacks man.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER

1919 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Gastrointestinal Mucosa ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Gingival Mucosa

By injecting into guinea pigs the blood of yellow fever cases occurring in Guayaquil a group of symptoms and lesions closely resembling those observed in human yellow fever were induced in a limited number of instances. Of 74 guinea pigs inoculated with specimens of blood from 27 cases of yellow fever, 8, representing 6 cases, came down with the symptoms; namely, a marked rise of temperature after a period of incubation averaging 3 to 6 days, with simultaneous suffusion of the capillaries, particularly of the conjunctivæs and soles, then preliminary hyperleucocytosis followed by progressive leucopenia, the early appearance of albumin and casts in the urine, which gradually diminishes in volume as the disease progresses. The fever lasts only a few days, rapidly dropping first to the normal and then usually to subnormal. At this period jaundice manifests itself in varying degrees of intensity, first in the scleras, then in the skin and the urine. Hemorrhages from the nasal or gingival mucosa or anus have been observed to occur during this period. Autopsies reveal deep jaundice throughout the entire tissue. The liver is fatty and yellow, the kidney hyperemic, and often swollen and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic spots were almost always found in the lungs and gastrointestinal mucosa. Guinea pigs are usually rather sensitive to the infection, though many appeared to be somewhat resistant and some even refractory. The injection of the yellow fever blood into ringtail monkeys, rabbits, cats, guatusas, weasels, and sloths among the mammalians, and pigeons, ground-doves, bluebirds, mantas, blackbirds, parrakeets, reedbirds, blancos, and toucans among the birds, gave negative results. In the blood, liver, and kidneys of the guinea pigs experimentally infected with the blood of yellow fever patients a minute organism was demonstrated which closely resembles in morphology the causative agent of infectious jaundice (Leptospira icterohamorrhagiæ). The leptospira transmitted from yellow fever cases to guinea pigs was found to induce similar symptoms and lesions upon further passage into normal guinea pigs. The leptospira obtained from cases of yellow fever has been givern the provisional name of Leptospira icteroides.

Negative Results of lodides in Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs

1935 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Halsey ◽  
W. E. Frantz
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Negative Results

scholarly journals Novel sterol metabolic network of Trypanosoma brucei procyclic and bloodstream forms

2012 ◽  
Vol 443 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craigen R. Nes ◽  
Ujjal K. Singha ◽  
Jialin Liu ◽  
Kulothungan Ganapathy ◽  
Fernando Villalta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Network ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Production Control ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Ergosterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Flexible Part

Trypanosoma brucei is the protozoan parasite that causes African trypanosomiasis, a neglected disease of people and animals. Co-metabolite analysis, labelling studies using [methyl-2H3]-methionine and substrate/product specificities of the cloned 24-SMT (sterol C24-methyltransferase) and 14-SDM (sterol C14demethylase) from T. brucei afforded an uncommon sterol metabolic network that proceeds from lanosterol and 31-norlanosterol to ETO [ergosta-5,7,25(27)-trien-3β-ol], 24-DTO [dimethyl ergosta-5,7,25(27)-trienol] and ergosterol [ergosta-5,7,22(23)-trienol]. To assess the possible carbon sources of ergosterol biosynthesis, specifically 13C-labelled specimens of lanosterol, acetate, leucine and glucose were administered to T. brucei and the 13C distributions found were in accord with the operation of the acetate–mevalonate pathway, with leucine as an alternative precursor, to ergostenols in either the insect or bloodstream form. In searching for metabolic signatures of procyclic cells, we observed that the 13C-labelling treatments induce fluctuations between the acetyl-CoA (mitochondrial) and sterol (cytosolic) synthetic pathways detected by the progressive increase in 13C-ergosterol production (control<[2-13C]leucine<[2-13C]acetate<[1-13C]glucose) and corresponding depletion of cholesta-5,7,24-trienol. We conclude that anabolic fluxes originating in mitochondrial metabolism constitute a flexible part of sterol synthesis that is further fluctuated in the cytosol, yielding distinct sterol profiles in relation to cell demands on growth.

scholarly journals ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER

1919 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Experimental Infection ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Protective Property ◽  
Fatal Infection ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Immunological Relationship

The serum from a number of persons recovering from yellow fever in Guayaquil was studied with a view to establishing its possible immunological relationship with a strain of Leptospira icteroides derived from one of the yellow fever patients. For this purpose the serum of convalescents was mixed either with an organ emulsion of a passage strain, or with a culture of the organism, and inoculated intraperitoneally into guinea pigs. The Pfeiffer reaction was first studied, and then the animals were allowed to live until the controls, inoculated with the same emulsion or culture of Leptospira icteroides but without the serum, or with serum from patients suffering from other diseases than yellow fever, had died of the experimental infection with typical symptoms A positive Pfeiffer phenomenon was observed in fifteen of the eighteen convalescent cases studied, or approximately 83 per cent. Sera from ten non-immune soldiers and from two malaria patients gave uniformly negative results. Protection from an ultimate fatal infection was afforded some of the guinea pigs which received the serum of yellow fever convalescents, while the control animals succumbed to the infection with typical symptoms. In one instance, in which the serum was tested on the 2nd and the 10th days of disease, a Pfeiffer reaction was demonstrated, as well as protective property against the infection, in the specimen from the 10th but not in that from the 2nd day. From the foregoing observations of immunity reactions it appears highly probable that Leptospira icteroides is etiologically related to yellow fever.

CHEMOTHERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS

1944 ◽  
Vol 22e (5) ◽  
pp. 95-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Melville ◽  
R. L. Stehle
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Curative Effect ◽  
Experimental Tuberculosis ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Series Of Experiments

Seventy-nine compounds comprising 22 p-aminobenzene derivatives, 10 o-aminobenzene derivatives, 11 m-aminobenzene derivatives, 8 p-N-ethyl-aminobenzene derivatives, 10 isomeric hydroxychloroanilines, 3 diaminodiphenylsulphones and 15 miscellaneous agents, have been compared for their effects upon the course of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with virulent human tubercle bacillus (Strain H 37 R. V.). Sixty-five of these compounds gave entirely negative results. On the other hand, 14 of the agents tested, namely, p-aminophenol, p-ethylaniline, p-chloroaniline, p-aminophenyl hexyl ether, ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, 2,4-dichloroaniline, p-N-ethylaminophenol, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyaniline, 2-chloro-4-hydroxyaniline, 2-chloro-5-hydroxyaniline, 2-hydroxy-3-chloroaniline, promin, rodilone, and sulphathiazole led, in a number of different experiments, to varying degrees of prolongation of the survival time of some of the animals treated with them, in comparison with both untreated controls and animals treated with other agents. The average survival times of all the animals treated with these agents were also prolonged in several different series of experiments in which each of these agents was tested. None of the latter agents led to a curative effect and all animals both treated and untreated, however long they survived, showed at autopsy gross evidence of tuberculosis involving spleen, liver, lungs, and glands. Finally, it must be emphasized that none of these compounds offer any promise as a cure for tuberculosis, but the results described would suggest that further investigation of chemical agents related to these substances might be worthwhile.

Music Perception and Musical Communities

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Swain
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Perceptual Object ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Musical Perception ◽  
The Status

Should certain negative results cause music theory to abandon its dependence on perception studies for the corroboration of its key principles? Recent experiments in music perception that have failed to confirm certain important principles of music theory are reviewed from the perspective of musical communities. A musical community is defined to be those listeners for whom a given musical perception is real and useful. It is argued that (1) the significance of experimental results should be interpreted not only according to traditional criteria of statistical significance but also according to the status of relevant musical communities; (2) a perceptual object that is real for only a small minority of listeners may yet be deemed significant if that minority performs some crucial activity in the musical culture; (3) important perceptual objects can be explicitly taught by advanced musical communities; (4) although this perspective calls into question the objectivity of theoretical principles, music theory must continue to incorporate the results of experiments in music perception.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Landsteiner ◽  
John Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Picryl Chloride

Experiments on the sensitization of guinea pigs with simple chemical compounds are described. Positive effects were obtained by the administration of small quantities, namely fractions of milligrams, with 1:2:4 chlorodinitrobenzene, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, 1:2:4 trinitrobenzene, picryl chloride, four dichlorodinitrobenzenes, and a number of other aromatic compounds. Several substances chemically similar to those enumerated gave negative results. The first named compound is known to produce hypersensitiveness in human beings, a large number of cases having been observed in factory workers. The mechanism of these effects is discussed.

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