Evaluation of antigenic load in pregnant sows and identification of isoimmunization markers in offspring to increase productive and reproductive indicators for obtaining biologically safe organic products

Immunological aspects of the relationship in the functional system “mother-fetus” are consciously important both in the scientific and practical direction of the life of living organisms. The formation of the main parameters of isoimmunization is an equivalent aspect in relation to the basics of the formation of artificial tolerance mechanisms. Changes in immunological reactivity to viral and bacterial antigens may cause increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Different levels of this condition in newborn and adult animal organisms should be based on the fact that the fetus and newborn after birth first comes into contact with the antigen, while the adult body already has partial sensitization. Chronic carrier of pathogens in animals and their influence on the spread of the infectious process is an urgent problem of modern veterinary medicine. The possibility of vaccination in newborns is limited by the presence of maternal antibodies that have an immunosuppressive effect.The immunological relationship between the fetal mother’s body in a non-inbred population should be considered in two aspects: the effects caused by maternal antigens in the fetus; the effect of fetal antigens on the mother’s body. Level of functional reserves of the pregnant body is important in the prevention of intrauterine infection.

Features of immunogenesis in various types of pregnancy

The article presents cell-mediated mechanisms of immunological relationship in various types of pregnancy and demonstrates immunotypes characteristic of the physiological and pathological course of gestation. Disturbance of immune homeostasis in complicated pregnancy ranged from autoimmune one with the threat of miscarriage to severe immunosuppressive condition with gestosis.

Concomitant atopic dermatitis and narcolepsy type 1: psychiatric implications and challenges in management

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) are two distinct diseases that have not been classically shown to be related. The potential connection between the known immunological aetiology of AD and the proposed autoimmune pathophysiology of dysregulation in NT1; however, is the subject of ongoing speculation and debate with advances in gene sequencing and technology. Here, we present a case of a patient with concomitant refractory AD and NT1 and review the current research on their immunological relationship and the challenges in management relative to disease burden and psychiatric comorbidities.

Immunological relationship between autoimmune liver disease and autoimmune thyroid disease:a cross-sectional study

Background: High prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in patients with autoimmune liver disease (AILD) has been observed. Data on the clinical relationship between AILD and AILD remain scanty. We aimed to evaluate the immunological relationship between AILD and AITD. Results: 324 patients with AILD were enrolled, 113 out of 324 patients were concurrent AITD (34.9%). Patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were more likely to develop AITD (45.8%), followed by autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome (AIH-PBC OS) (39.5%) and PBC (22.6%). AILD patients with concurrent AITD showed higher levels of IgG (21.5 g/L vs 16.3 g/L, P<0.0001) and gamma globulin (γ-globulin)(27.1% vs 21.9%, P<0.0001), and IgG were positively correlated with thyroid antibodies [thymoglobulinantibody (TGAb), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)] (r=0.396, 0.322; P<0.0001, P=0.002, respectively). The frequency of TPOAb positivity was highest in PBC patients with concurrent AITD (83.9%). The AIH concomitant with AITD had a higher nuclear homogenizing antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity compared with the AIH alone (P=0.019). PBC patients with concurrent AITD were significantly older than the PBC patients without AITD (P=0.0004). Thyroid dysfunction in AILD patients with concurrent AITD was principally characterized by Hashimoto's thyroiditis (65.5%) and diffuse lesions were mainly indicated in thyroid ultrasound (53.1%). Conclusions: The high incidence of AILD concomitant with AITD, as well as the higher levels of serum IgG and γ-globulin, and the strong correlation between thyroid antibody and IgG, suggesting that we should strengthen the screening of autoimmune thyroid disease when diagnosing and treating autoimmune liver disease.

Alteration of Gut Microbiome in Lung Cancer Patients

ABSTRACTLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death. Better understanding of factors and pathways involved in lung cancer is needed to improve diagnose and treatment strategies. Recent studies have provided insights into the possible correlation between intestinal dysbiosis and cancer development. Although the immunological relationship between gut and lung had been suggested by many researches, however, to date, no study had investigated the characterization of gut microbiome in treatment naïve lung cancer patients, whether it is distinct from that of health individuals and contribute to the onset and development of lung cancer remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether gut microbiome of lung cancer patients (LC, n=28) is altered compare with that of matched healthy individuals (HC, n=19) by high throughout sequencing of the V3-V4 regions of 16S rDNA in their fecal samples. We also identified microbiota signatures specific for different histological types of lung cancer, including SSC, ADC, and SCLC. The gut microbiome of lung cancer patients is characterized by decreased relative abundance of Prevotella, and increased bacteria groups such as Actinomyces, and Streptococcus, etc. We also detected a mild structural shift in gut microbiome between ADC and SCLC patients. Our results showed that the gut microbiome of lung cancer patients altered significantly compared with healthy individuals. However, the association between microbial dysbiosis and lung cancer is not clearly understood, future studies involving larger cohorts and metagenomics, or metabolomics, may elucidate the correlations between gut microbiota and lung cancer development.IMPORTANCEThis is the first report to show the alteration of gut microbiome in lung cancer patients. Our results showed that the gut microbiome of lung cancer patients altered significantly compared with healthy individuals.

The Role of Progesterone in Feto-Maternal Immunological Cross Talk

This review aims to provide a brief historical overview of the feto-maternal immunological relationship, which profoundly influences the outcome of pregnancy. The initial question posed in the 1950s by Medawar [Symp Soc Exp Biol. 1953; 7: 320–338] was based on the assumption that the maternal immune system recognizes the fetus as an allograft. Indeed, based on the association between HLA-matching and spontaneous miscarriage, it became obvious that immunological recognition of pregnancy is required for a successful gestation. The restricted expression of polymorphic HLA antigens on the trophoblast, together with the presence of nonpolymorphic MHC products, excludes recognition by both T and NK cells of trophoblast-presented antigens; however, γδ T cells, which constitute the majority of decidual T cells, are likely candidates. Indeed, a high number of activated, progesterone receptor-expressing γδ T cells are present in the peripheral blood of healthy pregnant women and, in the presence of progesterone, these cells secrete an immunomodulatory protein called progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF). As early as in the peri-implantation period, the embryo communicates with the maternal immune system via PIBF containing extracellular vesicles. PIBF contributes to the dominance of Th2-type reactivity which characterizes normal pregnancy by inducing increased production of Th2 cytokines. The high expression of this molecule in the decidua might be one of the reasons for the low cytotoxic activity of decidual NK cells.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes - An Update on Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote effects of tumours on the nervous system. They can strike at single or at multiple sites of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system, and often appear before the detection of cancer. PNS can be disabling and debilitating and may be either an additional burden to cancer or the cause of death. The PNS Euronetwork group has collected a series of approximately 1,000 patients in several European centres. This study is the largest systematic series of patients with PNS and, for the first time, can answer questions about the most frequent PNS, their detailed symptoms, associated antibodies and the types of underlying tumours. The clinical course and laboratory findings for many PNS suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis; however research into this heterogeneous immunological relationship has been evolving over recent decades. The classical syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) and ion channelmediated diseases. Onconeuronal antibodies constitute a large group of PNS, characterised by the appearance of specific antibodies, defined clinical signs and often an association with specific tumours. In recent years, a new group of antibodies directed at surface antigens as receptors has been identified. Finally there is a long list of ‘other’ PNS, which are evident to clinicians but which have no pathogenetic explanation. Examples include the mild terminal neuropathies and sarcopoenia in cancer patients. In addition to the emerging classification based on pathophysiology, other new syndromes and symptoms have appeared, including apnoea in brainstem encephalitis, a neuropsychiatric spectrum of limbic encephalitis and increased knowledge about LEMS. Two important aspects warrant attention: some PNS respond to therapy and not all paraneoplastic-like syndromes are tumour related. This view is based on the current understanding of immune pathogenesis and on the enlarged spectrum of PNS.

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes—An Update on Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are remote effects of tumors on the nervous system. They can strike at single or at multiple sites of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system, and often appear before the detection of cancer. PNS can be disabling and debilitating and may be either an additional burden to cancer or the cause of death. The PNS Euronetwork group has collected a series of approximately 1,000 patients in several European centers. This study is the largest systematic series of patients with PNS and, for the first time, can answer questions about the most frequent PNS, their detailed symptoms, associated antibodies, and the types of underlying tumors. The clinical course and laboratory findings for many PNS suggest an autoimmune pathogenesis; however, research into this heterogeneous immunological relationship has been evolving over recent decades. The classic syndromes are antigen-target-oriented syndromes such as myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), and ion channel-mediated diseases. Onconeuronal antibodies constitute a large group of PNS, characterized by the appearance of specific antibodies, defined clinical signs and often an association with specific tumors. In recent years, a new group of antibodies directed at surface antigens as receptors has been identified. Finally, there is a long list of ‘other’ PNS, which are evident to clinicians but which have no pathogenetic explanation. Examples include the mild terminal neuropathies and sarcopenia in cancer patients. In addition to the emerging classification based on pathophysiology, other new syndromes and symptoms have appeared, including apnea in brainstem encephalitis, a neuropsychiatric spectrum of limbic encephalitis, and increased knowledge about LEMS. Two important aspects warrant attention: some PNS respond to therapy and not all paraneoplastic-like syndromes are tumor related. This view is based on the current understanding of immune pathogenesis and on the enlarged spectrum of PNS.