Trypanosomatid biodiversity in Costa Rica: genotyping of parasites from Heteroptera using the spliced leader RNA gene

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 537-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. WESTENBERGER ◽  
N. R. STURM ◽  
D. YANEGA ◽  
S. A. PODLIPAEV ◽  
R. ZELEDÓN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Spliced Leader ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
A Minor

The biodiversity of insect trypanosomes is largely unknown, resulting in significant gaps in the understanding of pathogen evolution. A culture-independent preliminary survey of trypanosomatid fauna was conducted for the parasites of Heteroptera (Hemiptera) from several localities in Costa Rica. Trypanosomatid infections were detected by light microscopy of smeared gut contents. Out of 257 insects representing 6 families, infections were found in 62 cases; cultures were obtained for 29 new isolates. Gut material from infected hosts was preserved in the field using an SDS–EDTA buffer solution for subsequent DNA extraction in the laboratory. PCR amplification of the trypanosomatid-specific spliced leader (SL) RNA gene repeats was successful for 60 field samples. Eighteen distinct SL RNA typing units were identified in a set of 28 samples analysed in detail. Cluster analysis indicated that these typing units were unique and thus could represent new species and, in some cases, new genera. This study reveals only a minor fraction of the trypanosomatid biodiversity, which is anticipated to be high.

Trypanosomatidae:PhytomonasDetection in Plants and Phytophagous Insects by PCR Amplification of a Genus-Specific Sequence of the Spliced Leader Gene

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrna G. Serrano ◽  
Luiz R. Nunes ◽  
Marta Campaner ◽  
Gregory A. Buck ◽  
Erney P. Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Phytophagous Insects ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Spliced Leader

scholarly journals Jessea and Talamancalia, Two New Genera of the Senecioneae (Asteraceae) from Costa Rica and Panama

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Robinson ◽  
José Cuatrecasas ◽  
Jose Cuatrecasas
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
New Genera

scholarly journals Chelonicola and Poulinea, two new gomphonemoid diatom genera (Bacillariophyta) living on marine turtles from Costa Rica

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (3) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roksana Majewska ◽  
J. P. Kociolek ◽  
Evan W. Thomas ◽  
Mario De Stefano ◽  
Mario Santoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Sea Turtles ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Olive Ridley ◽  
Lepidochelys Olivacea ◽  
Marine Turtles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Long Time

Marine mammals such as whales and dolphins have been known for a long time to host a very specific epizoic community on their skin. Less known however is the presence of a similar community on the carapaces of sea turtles. The present study is the first describing new taxa inhabiting sea turtle carapaces. Samples, collected from nesting olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) on Ostional Beach (Costa Rica), were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Two unknown small-celled gomphonemoid taxa were analysed in more detail and are described as two new genera, closely related to other gomphonemoid genera with septate girdle bands, such as Tripterion, Cuneolus and Gomphoseptatum. Chelonicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver gen. nov. has a flat valve face, uniseriate striae composed of more than three areolae, simple external raphe endings, internally a siliceous flap over the proximal raphe endings and lives on mucilaginous stalks. Poulinea Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver gen. nov. has at least one concave valve, uniseriate striae composed of only two elongated areolae, external distal raphe endings covered by thickened siliceous flaps and lives attached to the substrate by a mucilaginous pad. Chelonicola costaricensis Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver sp. nov. and Poulinea lepidochelicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver sp. nov. can be separated based on stria structure, girdle structure composed of more than 10 copulae, raphe structure and general valve outline. A cladistics analysis of putative members of the Rhoicospheniaceae indicates that the family is polyphyletic. Chelonicola and Poulinea are sister taxa, and form a monophyletic group with Cuneolus and Tripterion, but are not closely related to Rhoicosphenia, or other genera previously assigned to this family. Features used to help diagnose the family such as symmetry and presence of septa and pseudosepta are homoplastic across the raphid diatom tree of life.

scholarly journals PCR amplification of the spliced leader gene for the diagnosis of trypanosomatid parasites of plants and insects in methanol-fixed smears

1999 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrna G. Serrano ◽  
Marta Campaner ◽  
Gregory A. Buck ◽  
Marta M.G. Teixeira ◽  
Erney Plessmann Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Spliced Leader ◽  
Trypanosomatid Parasites

scholarly journals Rapid Detection of Phytophthora infestans in Late Blight-Infected Potato and Tomato Using PCR

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 1042-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Trout ◽  
J. B. Ristaino ◽  
M. Madritch ◽  
T. Wangsomboondee
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen

Late blight caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato and tomato worldwide. A rapid and accurate method for specific detection of P. infestans is necessary for determination of late blight in infected fruit, leaves, and tubers. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from four isolates of P. infestans representing the four genotypes US1, US6, US7, and US8 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the universal primers internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 4 and ITS5. PCR products were sequenced using an automated sequencer. Sequences were aligned with published sequences from 5 other Phytophthora species, and a region specific to P. infestans was used to construct a PCR primer (PINF). Over 140 isolates representing 14 species of Phytophthora and at least 13 other genera of fungi and bacteria were used to screen the PINF primer. PCR amplification with primers PINF and ITS5 results in amplification of an approximately 600 base pair product with only isolates of P. infestans from potato and tomato, as well as isolates of P. mirabilis and P. cactorum. P. mirabilis and P. cactorum are not pathogens of potato; however, P. cactorum is a pathogen of tomato. P. infestans and P. cactorum were differentiated by restriction digests of the amplified product. The PINF primer was used with a rapid NaOH lysis technique for direct PCR of P. infestans from infected tomato and potato field samples. The PINF primer will provide a valuable tool for detection of P. infestans in potatoes and tomatoes.

Ingestion and elemental budgets for Linuche unguiculata, a scyphomedusa with zooxanthellae

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Dissolved Nutrients ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Prey Concentration ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Experimental Feeding ◽  
A Minor

Specific rations for the zooxanthellae-bearing medusa, Linuche unguiculata, were calculated using two approaches: (a) gut contents of field collected medusae combined with experimental measurements of digestion time; and (b) experimental feeding studies combined with estimates of ambient prey biomass. Estimates of specific daily ration from gut contents averaged 5% for carbon, 6% for nitrogen, and 4% for phosphorus for the dominant size of medusae. Of the 868 medusae examined, 86% contained recognizable prey with an average of 3.6 items per medusa. Copepods dominated the gut contents (51%) as well as the ambient zooplankton prey (82%), but there was an over-representation of shelled prey, larval molluscs and foraminifera, in the gut (33%) compared with their availability (4%). Digestion times for crustaceans ranged from 1—4 h with longer times for larger prey. Ambient prey concentrations in areas of abundant L. unguiculata ranged from 0.2—4.0 prey l-1, with an average of 1.7 and no measurable day—night differences. There were also no measurable day—night differences in ingestion rates for field or laboratory fed medusae. Feeding studies showed a linear relationship between ingestion and prey concentration up to 400 prey l-1. Rations determined from experimental feeding studies were higher but less than double the ration estimates based on field gut contents. Specific ration decreased with increased medusa size in both field and laboratory results. Heterotrophy was calculated to be a major source of both nitrogen and phosphorus, but only a minor source of carbon. Elemental budgets for carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were calculated using measured inputs of photosynthesis, ingestion, and dissolved nutrients and measured outputs of respiration, excretion, reproduction and tissue growth. Total measured outputs balanced the inputs, within the uncertainty associated with egg production.

The green puzzle Stichococcus (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta): New generic and species concept among this widely distributed genus

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 441 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS PRÖSCHOLD ◽  
TATYANA DARIENKO
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Science Community

Phylogenetic analyses have revealed that the traditional order Prasiolales, which contains filamentous and pseudoparenchymatous genera Prasiola and Rosenvingiella with complex life cycle, also contains taxa of more simple morphology such as coccoids like Pseudochlorella and Edaphochlorella or rod-like organisms like Stichococcus and Pseudostichococcus (called Prasiola clade of the Trebouxiophyceae). Recent studies have shown a high biodiversity among these organisms and questioned the traditional generic and species concept. We studied 34 strains assigned as Stichococcus, Pseudostichococcus, Diplosphaera and Desmocococcus. Phylogenetic analyses using a multigene approach revealed that these strains belong to eight independent lineages within the Prasiola clade of the Trebouxiophyceae. For testing if these lineages represent genera, we studied the secondary structures of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences to find genetic synapomorphies. The secondary structure of the V9 region of SSU is diagnostic to support the proposal for separation of eight genera. The complex taxonomic history was summarized and revised. The ITS-2/CBC approach was used for species delimitation. Considering all these results, we revised the genera Stichococcus, Pseudostichococcus, Diplosphaera and Desmococcus and proposed four new genera and four new species for the science community. The usage of the V9 region and the ITS-2 barcodes discovered potential new species among the Stichococcus-like organisms in culture-independent studies.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis for Resistance to Fluazifop-P-Butyl in Itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) from Costa Rica

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. CASTILLO-MATAMOROS ◽  
A. BRENES-ANGULO ◽  
F. HERRERA-MURILLO ◽  
L. GÓMEZ ALPÍZAR.
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rottboellia Cochinchinensis ◽  
Grass Weed

Rottboellia cochinchinensis is an annual grass weed species known as itchgrass, or "caminadora" in America´s Spanish speaking countries, and has become a major and troublesome weed in several crops. The application of fluazifop-P-butyl at recommended rates (125 g a.i. ha-1) was observed to be failing to control itchgrass in a field in San José, Upala county, Alajuela province, Costa Rica. Plants from the putative resistant R. cochinchinensis population survived fluazifop-P-butyl when treated with 250 g a.i. ha-1 (2X label rate) at the three- to four-leaf stage under greenhouse conditions. PCR amplification and sequencing of partial carboxyl transferase domain (CT) of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) gene were used to determine the molecular mechanism of resistance. A single non-synonymous point mutation from TGG (susceptible plants) to TGC (putative resistant plants) that leads to a Trp-2027-Cys substitution was found. This Trp-2027-Cys mutation is known to confer resistance to all aryloxyphenoxyproprionate (APP) herbicides to which fluazifop-P-butyl belongs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of fluazifop-P-butyl resistance and a mutation at position 2027 for a Costa Rican R. cochinchinensis population.

New genera, species and occurrence records of Goniasteridae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Indian Ocean

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4539 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPHER L. MAH
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
New Genera ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Occurrence Records

Modern goniasterids are the most numerous of living asteroids in terms of described genera and species and they have important ecological roles from shallow to deep-water marine habitats. Recent MNHN expeditions and historical collections in the USNM have resulted in the discovery of 18 new species, three new genera and multiple new occurrence records from the western Indian Ocean region including Madagascar, Glorioso and Mayotte islands, Walters Shoal, South Africa, and Somalia. This report provides the first significant contribution to knowledge of deep-sea Asteroidea from the Indian Ocean since the late 20th Century. Several deep-sea species, previously known from the North Pacific are now reported from the western Indian Ocean. Gut contents from Stellaster and Ogmaster indicate deposit feeding. Feeding modes of this and other deep-sea species are discussed. Comments are made on fossil members of included taxa. A checklist of Indian Ocean Goniasteridae is also included.

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