scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dates from the Mussau Islands and the Lapita Colonization of the Southwestern Pacific

Radiocarbon ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
P V Kirch ◽  
T L Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Far East ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Cultural Complex ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
Bismarck Archipelago ◽  
Straight Line Distance

Three decades of archaeological excavations in Melanesia and Western Polynesia have led to a consensus among Oceanic prehistorians that the initial human colonization of the southwestern Pacific (east of the Solomons) was effected by populations of the Lapita Cultural Complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1982, 1984; Allen, 1984; Spriggs, 1984). Although the western Melanesian islands of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and possibly the Solomon Islands were settled in the late Pleistocene by small hunter-gatherer populations (Downie & White, 1979; Specht, Lilley & Normu, 1981; Groubeet al, 1986), discovery and occupation by humans of the more remote island chains to the east required sophisticated voyaging and colonization strategies. That the Austronesian-speaking Lapita people possessed long-distance voyaging craft is suggested both by lexical reconstructions, and by the archaeological evidence of long-distance transport of obsidian and other exotic materials over distances of up to 3700km (Ambrose & Green, 1972; Best, 1987). Lapita sites are marked by a distinctive complex of dentate-stamped earthenware ceramics, and associated shell, bone, and stone artifacts. Sites yielding such assemblages have been recorded between the Bismarck Archipelago in the west, through Melanesia, and as far east as Samoa and Tonga, a straight-line distance of ca 4500km.

Pollen and Seed Analysis of the Titusville Section (Mid-Wisconsinan), Titusville, Pennsylvania

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1675-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert A. Berti
Keyword(s):  
Peat Layer ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Pollen Diagram ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Seed Analysis ◽  
Dwarf Birch ◽  
Late Wisconsinan ◽  
Distance Transport

Wisconsinan interstadial sediments, consisting mainly of moss peat, peaty silt and sand, are exposed near Titusville in northwestern Pennsylvania. They lie beneath the Titusville Till, south of the margin of the Late Wisconsinan Kent Till. Radiocarbon dates obtained range from 35 000 to 40 000 years BP, indicating that the sediments are of late Port Talbot II age (Mid-Wisconsinan).A pollen diagram from the section is divided into the three informal lower, middle and upper zones. Macrofossils of dwarf birch Betula glandulosa var. glandulosa, the only subarctic taxon recovered, characterize the lower dated peat layer (lower zone). The presence of dwarf birch is indicative of a forest–tundra environment during deposition of this peat. In the upper dated peat layer (upper zone) low numbers of Cyperaceae seeds, along with relatively high percentages of Cyperaceae pollen, imply that at least part of the sedge pollen was derived from plants growing on the uplands in an even more open spruce parkland. These data outweigh the implication that the climate was ameliorating as suggested by the marked rise in Pinus pollen in the upper zone. The pine pollen are attributed to the relatively increased effect of long distance transport as the local tree pollen production decreased.

Movements of Tagged American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, off Southwestern Nova Scotia

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Campbell ◽  
Aivars B. Stasko
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Long Distance Movement

A total of 4304 American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were tagged and released in inshore areas off southwestern Nova Scotia and on northwest Browns Bank during June–August 1975. Of the 424 lobsters recaptured within 5.4 yr of release, 385 had known recapture locations. For all release areas the average straight-line distance traveled by mature ([Formula: see text]carapace length) lobsters (15.6 km) was significantly greater than for immature (59–94 mm carapace length) lobsters (4.7 km). Most (69.3%) of the immature lobsters (N = 212) were recaptured less than 18.5 km (10 naut mi) from the release sites; for mature lobsters (N = 173) this percentage was 40.5%. Previous tagging studies off southwestern Nova Scotia revealed little evidence of long-distance movement; our study, however, shows that mature lobsters can move long distances. Many (19.7%) of the mature lobsters were recaptured more than 92.6 km (50 naut mi) from the release sites. The overall direction of travel was south, in both an east and west direction, with many lobsters moving greater than 50 km from coastal Nova Scotia and Browns Bank into the Gulf of Maine and to the slopes of the continental shelf. Thirteen lobsters moved from Browns Bank to inshore areas of southwestern Nova Scotia. The evidence of the long-distance interchange of a portion of the mature adults between southwestern Nova Scotia and the adjoining continental shelf suggests that lobsters in these areas could belong to a single stock.

Herring Movements in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine, 1957 and 1958

1961 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. McKenzie ◽  
S. N. Tibbo
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Far East ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Apparent Relationship ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Surface Drift

During 1957 and 1958, 137,469 herring were tagged in the southern part of the Bay of Fundy and the western part of the Gulf of Maine. These fish were immature and ranged in mean total length from 9.9 to 20.0 cm and in age from 1 to 3 years. Recovery of 3,582 (2.6%) tagged individuals showed that herring moved in and out of Passamaquoddy Bay irregularly throughout the summer and autumn with some tendency to concentrate at the head of this bay. Outward movement reached a peak in July when there was a considerable movement eastward towards Point Lepreau. Herring moved into Passamaquoddy from as far south as Grand Manan and from as far east as Point Lepreau. Little interchange of herring took place between the Passamaquoddy area and the coasts of Maine and Nova Scotia. The greatest straight-line distance from release to recovery points was 55 miles. More than half of the recaptures were made within 2 miles of the tagging sites and nearly two-thirds within 5 miles. About 28% of the recaptures were made within 1 week after tagging and 63% within 2 weeks. The average time before recapture was 12 days in 1957 and 17 days in 1958. The longest time between release and recapture for both years was 165 days. Drift bottles released with tagged herring showed no apparent relationship between herring movements and surface drift. The results of tagging support a general conclusion that the proposed Passamaquoddy tidal power structures will have no significant effect on the herring fisheries of the Passamaquoddy area.

Herring Migrations in the Passamaquoddy Region

1958 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1329-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. McKenzie ◽  
B. E. Skud
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Gulf Of Maine ◽  
Far East ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

From June 20 to November 21, 1957, 37,495 herring were tagged in the southern part of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. These fish were immature and ranged in total length from 14.2 to 18.7 cm. and in age from 1 to 3 years. Recovery of 792 (2.1%) tagged individuals indicated that the herring moved in and out of Passamaquoddy Bay throughout the summer and early autumn. No interchange of herring took place between Passamaquoddy Bay and the coast of Maine or Nova Scotia. Herring moved into Passamaquoddy from as far south as Grand Manan Island and as far east as Point Lepreau. The greatest straight-line distance moved was 55 miles, the mean time before recapture was 12 days, and the longest time 82 days.

scholarly journals Population Turnover in Remote Oceania Shortly After Initial Settlement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lipson ◽  
Pontus Skoglund ◽  
Matthew Spriggs ◽  
Frederique Valentin ◽  
Stuart Bedford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Skeletal Morphology ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Bismarck Archipelago ◽  
Genome Wide Data ◽  
Diverse Groups

SummaryAncient DNA analysis of three individuals dated to ~3000 years before present (BP) from Vanuatu and one ~2600 BP individual from Tonga has revealed that the first inhabitants of Remote Oceania (“First Remote Oceanians”) were almost entirely of East Asian ancestry, and thus their ancestors passed New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands with minimal admixture with the Papuan groups they encountered [1]. However, all present-day populations in Near and Remote Oceania harbor 25-100% Papuan ancestry, implying that there must have been at least one later stream of migration eastward from Near Oceania. We generated genome-wide data for 14 ancient individuals from Efate and Epi Islands in Vanuatu ranging from 3,000-150 BP, along with 185 present-day Vanuatu individuals from 18 islands. We show that people of almost entirely Papuan ancestry had arrived in Vanuatu by 2400 BP, an event that coincided with the end of the Lapita cultural period, changes in skeletal morphology, and the cessation of long-distance trade between Near and Remote Oceania [2]. First Remote Oceanian ancestry subsequently increased via admixture but remains at 10-20% in most islands. Through a fine-grained comparison of ancestry profiles in Vanuatu and Polynesia with diverse groups in Near Oceania, we find that Papuan ancestry in Vanuatu is consistent with deriving from the Bismarck Archipelago instead of the geographically closer Solomon Islands. Papuan ancestry in Polynesia also shows connections to the ancestry profiles present in the Bismarck Archipelago but is more similar to Tolai from New Britain and Tutuba from Vanuatu than to the ancient Vanuatu individuals and the great majority of present-day Vanuatu populations. This suggests a third eastward stream of migration from Near to Remote Oceania bringing a different type of Papuan ancestry.

scholarly journals Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus population

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Morrison ◽  
Douglas T. Bolger
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Illegal Hunting ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Straight Line Distance ◽  
Connochaetes Taurinus

AbstractSurprisingly little is known about the spatial dimensions of most tropical ungulate migrations, including that of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, a species famous for long-distance movements. Using non-invasive photographic identification of 834 adult wildebeest from 8,530 images collected over 4 years we characterize patterns of migratory connectivity throughout the northern Tarangire–Manyara Ecosystem, Tanzania. We document movements between Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks and northwards to the shore of Lake Natron, a straight-line distance of > 130 km. Fifty-six percent of observed movements occur outside the ecosystem's three main protected areas. We supplement photographic data with fine-scale movement data from two individuals with global positioning system collars, and identify three narrow bottlenecks, each vulnerable to human development. We discuss the possible consequences for the wildebeest population if these bottlenecks become impeded. Persistence of this migration alongside a growing human population and proposed road improvement will require additional measures to ensure that pathways remain open to wildlife movement and protected from illegal hunting.

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

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