Adsorption, Volatility, and Migration of Thiocarbamate Herbicides in Soil

The relative adsorption and migration of four thiocarbamate herbicides were studied in five soil types. Pebulate (S-propylbutylethylthiocarbamate) was adsorbed to the greatest degree by any one of the soils or adsorbents used. EPTC (ethyl N-N-dipropylthiocarbamate) showed the least adsorption while ethyl N-ethyl-N-cyclohexylthiocarbamate (hereinafter referred to as R-2063) was intermediate. Charcoal and bentonite clay were very effective adsorbents while the soils varied in their ability to adsorb the herbicides. A correlation was found between the rate of adsorption and the amount of organic matter in the soil. Such correlation was not found with the clay content, but a multiple regression test showed that the clay content is also closely associated with adsorption. The leaching of EPTC, pebulate, R-2063, and S-2,3-dichloroallyl N,N-diisopropylthiolcarbamate (diallate) in soil columns was directly related to their solubilities in water and inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. Incorporation of the herbicides into the upper 5 cm of the soil did not alter the pattern or depth of their leaching. The lateral diffusion of thiocarbamates in the soil was much more restricted than the leaching downward. Again, this movement was closely related to the water solubilities of the herbicides, to soil organic matter, and apparently to the vapor pressures of the herbicides. EPTC vapor loss was the greatest followed in order by pebulate and R-2063. The rate of vapor loss from soils of all of the herbicides tested was reduced when the soil properties enabled rapid infiltration and drying of the spray drops.

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Factors Affecting Microbial Formation of Nitrate-Nitrogen in Soil and Their Effects on Fertilizer Nitrogen Use Efficiency

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/tsw.2001.308 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 122-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Alan Olness ◽

Dian Lopez ◽

David Archer ◽

Jason Cordes ◽

Colin Sweeney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Decision Aid ◽

Pore Space ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Soil Clay ◽

Soil Clay Content

Mineralization of soil organic matter is governed by predictable factors with nitrate-N as the end product. Crop production interrupts the natural balance, accelerates mineralization of N, and elevates levels of nitrate-N in soil. Six factors determine nitrate-N levels in soils: soil clay content, bulk density, organic matter content, pH, temperature, and rainfall. Maximal rates of N mineralization require an optimal level of air-filled pore space. Optimal air-filled pore space depends on soil clay content, soil organic matter content, soil bulk density, and rainfall. Pore space is partitioned into water- and air-filled space. A maximal rate of nitrate formation occurs at a pH of 6.7 and rather modest mineralization rates occur at pH 5.0 and 8.0. Predictions of the soil nitrate-N concentrations with a relative precision of 1 to 4 μg N g–1of soil were obtained with a computerized N fertilizer decision aid. Grain yields obtained using the N fertilizer decision aid were not measurably different from those using adjacent farmer practices, but N fertilizer use was reduced by >10%. Predicting mineralization in this manner allows optimal N applications to be determined for site-specific soil and weather conditions.

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A small rainfall simulator for the determination of soil erodibility.

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.18174/njas.v35i3.16735 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 407-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Kamphorst

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Conservation ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Soil Erodibility ◽

Rainfall Simulator ◽

Highly Sensitive

A small rainfall simulator is described, which can be used in the field as well as in the laboratory for the determination of infiltration and erosion characterisitcs of soils. It is particularly suitable for soil conservation surveys, as it is light to carry and easy to handle in the field. A description is given of a standard procedure for the determination of topsoil erodibilities in the field and some results are presented. The method appears to be highly sensitive to soil properties influencing soil erodibility, such as clay content, organic matter content and soil pH. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Surfactant Effects on Picloram Adsorption by Soils

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500062925 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 549-552 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. D. Gaynor ◽

V. V. Volk

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Cationic Surfactant ◽

Anionic Surfactant ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Surfactant Solution ◽

Matter Content ◽

Adsorption Sites ◽

Surfactant Solutions ◽

Extractable Al

The effects of soil organic matter, clay, extractable Al, cation exchange capacity, and pH on the adsorption of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) from aqueous and surfactant solutions were investigated. Linear adsorption isotherms for the soils were obtained with the Freundlich equation. Of the five soil properties investigated, Freundlich K values correlated with extractable Al and clay content. Picloram adsorption from aqueous solutions and from the non-ionic and anionic surfactant solutions was greater on the soils at pH 5 than at pH 7. The anionic surfactant competed with picloram for adsorption sites on the soils at pH 5. Picloram adsorption from solutions containing 0.1 and 1% cationic surfactant was greater than that from aqeuous and anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions. Picloram adsorption from the 10% cationic surfactant solution was similar on soils with pH 5 and 7 and increased with decreased organic matter content.

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Relationship of soil properties to fractionation, bioavailability and mobility of lead and zinc in soil

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/2201-pse ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 225-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

N. Finžgar ◽

P. Tlustoš ◽

D. Leštan

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Soil Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Matter Content

Sequential extractions, metal uptake by Taraxacum officinale, Ruby’s physiologically based extraction test (PBET) and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), were used to assess the risk of Pb and Zn in contaminated soils, and to determine relationships among soil characteristics, heavy metals soil fractionation, bioavailability and leachability. Regression analysis using linear and 2nd order polynomial models indicated relationships between Pb and Zn contamination and soil properties, although of small significance (P < 0.05). Statistically highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) were obtained using multiple regression analysis. A correlation between soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic matter and clay content was expected. The proportion of Pb in the PBET intestinal phase correlated with total soil Pb and Pb bound to soil oxides and the organic matter fraction. The leachable Pb, extracted with TCLP, correlated with the Pb bound to carbonates and soil organic matter content (R2 = 69%). No highly significant correlations (P < 0.001) for Zn with soil properties or Zn fractionation were obtained using multiple regression.

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Response of Fractal Analysis to Soil Quality Succession in Long-Term Compound Soil Improvement of Mu Us Sandy Land, China

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/5463107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Haiou Zhang ◽

Jiancang Xie ◽

Jichang Han ◽

Haipeng Nan ◽

Zhen Guo

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Sandy Soil ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Soft Rock ◽

Clay Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Sandy Land ◽

Mu Us Sandy Land

The degraded aeolian sandy soil in China’s Mu Us Sandy Land requires amendment before it can be suitable for maize or other agricultural production. The addition of material from the local “soft” bedrock can create a new compound soil whose particle composition and structural stability are key issues for sustainable soil development in the region. We used field data from 2010 to 2018 to study the variations in fractal characteristics of compound soil particles at soft rock to sand volume ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 5, along with changes in soil organic matter. Over the study period, all three compound soils showed gradual increases in clay and silt content with corresponding decreasing sand content. The fractal dimension (FD) of particles at ratio 1 : 2 increased by 8.8%, higher than those at 1 : 1 (8.6%) and 1 : 5 (7.7%). The organic matter content (OMC) of particles at ratio 1 : 2 reached a maximum (6.24 ± 0.30 g/kg), an increase of 12 times over the original value. The FD and OMC of particles at ratios 1 : 1 and 1 : 5 were less stable but showed overall increase. The 1 : 2 ratio compound soil was most suitable for maize growth as its clear increase in silt and clay content most improved the texture and OMC of the original sandy soil. Such research has important theoretical and practical significance for understanding the evolutionary mechanism and sustainable use of the compound soil in agriculture within the Mu Us Sandy Land.

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Diversity and distribution of crustaceans from 13 sheltered sandy beaches along São Sebastião Channel, south-eastern Brazil

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315401004118 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 475-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

P.R. Nucci ◽

A. Turra ◽

E.H. Morgado

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Fine Sand ◽

Sandy Beaches ◽

Matter Content ◽

Sediment Grain Size ◽

Crustacean Species ◽

South Eastern ◽

Eastern Brazil

The crustacean species composition in the intertidal zones of 13 sheltered unconsolidated marine beaches in south-eastern Brazil is described. Fifty-three crustacean species were collected, adding 46 species to the total reported by previous studies in the same region. Decapods dominated the community, in contrast to exposed sandy beaches where peracarids normally predominate. The species were distributed irregularly among the beaches. Richness varied markedly among sites, and was positively related to a combination of factors such as fine sand grains, high organic matter content, and relatively low silt–clay content. The presence of rock fragments enabled both rocky shore and sandy beach crustaceans to occur on the same beaches. Richness and abundance of crustaceans showed no clear relationship to sediment grain size and slope, in contrast to the norm for exposed sandy beaches. The dominance of the tanaid Kalliapseudes schubarti in some areas may be a result of organic matter pollution in the region. These beaches showed higher species richness than typical sheltered and exposed sandy beaches, indicating that this sheltered, highly heterogeneous seascape is an important area for conservation.

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Effect of Different Factors on the Adsorption of Phosphamidon on Two Different Types of Indian Soil

Adsorption Science & Technology ◽

10.1177/026361749801600801 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 583-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Dhirendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Adsorption Isotherms ◽

Alluvial Soil ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Natural Soil ◽

Standard Entropy ◽

Indian Soil ◽

Different Types

The effect of exchangeable cations (H+ and Na+). autoclaving, organic matter, anionic surfactants and temperature on the adsorption of phosphamidon on two different types of Indian soil was studied. The adsorption isotherms for all the effects/treatments were in close agreement with the Freundlich equation and yielded S-shaped isotherms. The amount of phosphamidon adsorbed in all cases was higher in medium black (silt loam) soil than alluvial soil (sandy loam) and was related to the organic matter content, clay content, CaCO3 content, surface area and cation-exchange capacity of the soils. The adsorption on both types of soil follows the order H+-soil > Na+-soil > natural soil at 10°C > natural soil at 20°C > autoclaved soil > organic matter-removed soil > anionic surfactant > natural soil at 40°C, which was in accordance with the Freundlich constant, KF, and distribution coefficient, Kd, values. The adsorption capacity of phosphamidon for organic matter and clay content for both the soils was evaluated by calculating the Kom and Kc values when it was found that phosphamidon adsorption was better correlated with the clay content than with the orgnic matter content on the basis of adsorption isotherms. Various thermodynamic parameters such as the thermodynamic equilibrium constant (K0), the standard free energy (ΔG0), the standard enthalpy (ΔH0) and the standard entropy (ΔS0) changes have been calculated as a means of predicting the nature of the isotherms.

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Comparison of aggregate stability within six soil profiles under conventional tillage using various laboratory tests

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-009-0095-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Radka Kodešová ◽

Marcela Rohošková ◽

Anna Žigová

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Aggregates ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Clay Content ◽

Soil Aggregate ◽

Matter Content ◽

The Other ◽

Structure Stability ◽

Soil Aggregate Stability

AbstractSoil structure stability was studied in every diagnostic horizons of six soil types (Haplic Chernozem, Greyic Phaeozem, two Haplic Luvisols, Haplic Cambisol, Dystric Cambisol) using different techniques investigating various destruction mechanisms of soil aggregates. Soil aggregate stability, assessed by the index of water stable aggregates (WSA), varied depending on the organic matter content, clay content and pHKCl. The presence of clay and organic matter coatings and fillings, and presence of iron oxides in some soils increased stability of soil aggregates. On the other hand periodical tillage apparently decreased aggregate stability in the Ap horizons. Coefficients of aggregate vulnerability resulting from fast wetting (KV 1) and slow wetting (KV 2) tests showed similar trends of the soil aggregate stability as the WSA index, when studied for soils developed on the similar parent material. There was found close correlation between the WSA index and the KV 1 value, which depended also on the organic matter content, clay content and pHKCl. Less significant correlation was obtained between the WSA index and the KV 2 value, which depended on the organic matter content and clay content. Coefficients of vulnerability resulting from the shaking after pre-wetting test (KV 3) showed considerably different trends in comparison to the other tests due to the different factors affecting aggregate stability against the mechanical destruction. The KV 3 value depended mostly on cation exchange capacity, pHKCl and organic matter content.

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Plastic limits of agricultural soils as functions of soil texture and organic matter content

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr11174 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 7 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Thomas Keller ◽

Anthony R. Dexter

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Clay Content ◽

Liquid Limit ◽

Matter Content ◽

Pedotransfer Functions ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Yield Information

The plastic limits (lower plastic limit, PL; and liquid limit, LL) are important soil properties that can yield information on soil mechanical behaviour. The objective of this paper is to study the plastic limits of agricultural soils as functions of soil texture and organic matter (OM) content. The plastic limits were highly related to the clay content. The LL was more strongly correlated with clay than was PL, but the reasons are unclear. Interestingly, PL was virtually unaffected by clay content for soils with clay contents below ~35%. The OM had a strong effect on the plastic limits. This effect was clearly demonstrated when analysing soils of similar texture with a range of OM. We present equations (pedotransfer functions) for estimation of PL, LL, and plasticity index (PI) from soil texture and OM. Finally, we predict that the clay content must be ≥10% for soils without OM to be plastic; however, soils with <10% clay can be plastic if OM is present. More research is needed to investigate OM effects on soil consistency.

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Distribution of iron and iron compounds in the Kemeri - Jaunkemeri occurence of sulphide water

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2015vol2.626 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 244

Author(s):

Janis Prols ◽

Ērika Teirumnieka ◽

Edmunds Teirumnieks

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Groundwater Modeling ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Iron Compounds ◽

Migration Forms ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽

And Migration ◽

Formation Of Complexes

Iron concentrations, distribution and migration forms, depending on pH and oxidation – reduction potential, were analyzed in case of the Kemeri-Jaunkemeri occurrence (area about 240 km2) of sulphide containing water (maximal sulphides concentration – 74 mg/l), located in Latvia. Iron content was investigated in 457 wells located within all area of occurrence. Those wells were installed to two aquifers: the Quarternary multi-aquifer and Salaspils aquifer, where occurrence of sulphide containing groundwater is distributed. All groundwater of occurrence is classified in four types depending on oxygen, sulphides and organic matter content in the groundwater. Modeling of groundwater migration forms was carried out, and it is stated that iron migrates basically as Fe2+ in oxygen and suphides non-containing water. Migration forms are influenced by concentration of organic matter in the aquifer. The portion of Fe2+ migrating in a form of free decreases due to formation of complexes with fulvic and humic acids, which can reach 36.5% of all migration forms. Iron migrates as Fe(OH)3 in oxygen containing water (more than 99% of determined forms). Presence of iron is ascertained also in sulphides containing water, where iron migrates basically as (98.8% of determined forms). This occurs due to formation of complexes with sulphydes – FeHS- and Fe(HS)2o.

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