Degradation of Dicamba, Picloram, and Four Phenoxy Herbicides in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Altom ◽  
J. F. Stritzke
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The degradation rates of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], dichlorprop [2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], silvex [2,(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were determined in three soils. Herbicide breakdown was proportional to herbicide concentration, so half life of the various herbicides was calculated from linear regression of the logarithm transformed residue data. The average half life for 2,4-D, dichlorprop, silvex, 2,4,5-T, dicamba, and picloram were, respectively, 4 days, 10 days, 17 days, 20 days, 25 days, and greater than 100 days. The rate of degradation of 2,4-D was the same in all three soils, but for the other herbicides it was consistently faster in soil removed from under grass vegetation than from under trees.

Influence of Nitrogen on Recovery of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Treated by Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’] injured by MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) plus metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) recovered more rapidly when nitrogen (N) was applied in sequence with the herbicides than when no N was applied. Bermudagrass recovery was faster with less injury within 2 weeks after herbicide treatment when N was applied at the first MSMA plus metribuzin treatment or when N was applied at 2 weeks after the first 2,4-D plus mecoprop plus dicamba treatment. Turf quality at 4 weeks or later was consistently as good or better in plots where N was applied at 2 weeks after the first application of either herbicide combination than when N was applied earlier.

Effect of Timing of Spring Applications of Herbicides on Quality of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jack Johnson ◽  
Robert E. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] applied to dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifway’ ♯ CYNDA] retarded early foliar growth more than other herbicides evaluated. When bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] treatments were delayed until after bermudagrass initiated spring growth, foliar growth and quality were generally lower than when the treatments were applied to dormant turf. Retardation of early foliar bermudagrass growth by 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) was generally the same whether applied to dormant or semidormant turf. This combination of herbicides reduced the quality and density of bermudagrass when applied to growing but not to dormant turf. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] did not retard bermudagrass growth or affect density whether applied to dormant or semidormant turf, but turf quality was slightly lower when atrazine was applied to semidormant turf.

Response of Weeds in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf to Tank-Mixed Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Tank mixtures of herbicides for control of emerged winter weeds and preemergence control of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] were evaluated on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Common’ # CYNDA] fairways over a 2-yr period. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha in tank mixtures with DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthate) at 11 kg ai/ha controlled a higher percentage of parsley-piert (Alchemilla microcarpaBoiss. Reut. # APHMI) than either herbicide alone. When applied for spur weed (Solivaspp.) control, DCPA was antagonistic in the tank mixture with simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-txiazine]. During one yr of the 2-yr study period, control of large crabgrass was less in plots treated with combination of DCPA and glyphosate than in plots treated with DCPA alone. Less large crabgrass control was obtained in plots treated with bensulide [O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] at 11 kg ai/ha in combinations with either paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] plus mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid} plus dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) than when treated only with bensulide.

Influence of Phenoxy Herbicides on Picloram Uptake and Phytotoxicity

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Hamill ◽  
L. W. Smith ◽  
C. M. Switzer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Foliar Uptake ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Red Kidney Bean ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Bean Weight

The foliar uptake of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and its phytotoxicity in mixtures with several phenoxy herbicides were studied using bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Red Kidney’). The greatest accumulation of picloram occurred in the growing point, stem, and axillary buds. Transport from the treated leaf occurred within 6 hr and continued for at least 7 days. The effectiveness of herbicide combinations containing picloram was related to the particular plant part measured. A synergistic reduction in fresh and dry red kidney bean weight was obtained with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]propionic acid (mecoprop) when applied in combination with picloram, whereas 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and picloram gave an antagonistic response. An investigation of the antagonistic reaction of 2,4-DB with picloram indicated that picloram prevented the movement of 2,4-DB, while 2,4-DB increased both the distribution and the amount of picloram translocated from the point of application.

Control of Green Sagewort in the Nebraska Sandhills

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-469
Author(s):  
L. A. Morrow ◽  
M. K. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Nebraska Sandhills ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Artemisia Campestris ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Plots were established in 1970 in the Nebraska Sandhills for the control of green sagewort (Artemisia campestris L.). Herbicides were applied in 1970; 1970 and 1971; 1970, 1971, and 1972; and 1970 and 1972. Nitrogen fertilizer at 45 kg/ha was applied in 1973. Herbicide treatments included 2,4-D amine [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4-D ester, 2,4,5-T [(2,4-5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid], and mixtures of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) and 2,4-D amine. Herbicides were most effective for the control of broadleaf weeds when they were applied in 3 consecutive years or in alternate years. Herbicides applied only once did not effectively control broadleaf weeds. When nitrogen was applied after weed control treatments, weed production increased if herbicide applications were not effective. If weed control treatments were effective, nitrogen did not affect weed production.

Evaluation of Seedling Progeny of Soybeans Treated with 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and Dicamba

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Thompson ◽  
D. B. Egli
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Phenoxy Herbicides ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Seed were harvested from soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Cutler’] plants treated at flowering and pod filling with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB), and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). Progeny of plants treated at flowering with 2,4-D and 2,4-DB or at pod filling with the lowest rate were normal. When higher rates were applied at pod filling, these phenoxy herbicides caused appreciable injury to the progeny in the form of reduced emergence and dry weight and malformed unifoliate leaves. Dicamba was much more injurious to the progeny of treated plants than 2,4-D and 2,4-DB. Even at low rates dicamba caused reduced germination, emergence, and dry weight and malformed first trifoliate leaves.

Chemical Control of Canada Thistle

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Carson ◽  
J. D. Bandeen
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of one, two, and three annual applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino) −6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and a three way mix of dicamba, mecoprop [2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]propionic acid], and 2,4-D at a ratio of 7:5:20 at different stages of development for the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]. Two consecutive annual applications in all atrazine treatments achieved the same level of control as cultivation every 5 weeks. In the year of the last treatment, Canada thistle was controlled with two or more consecutive annual applications of the hormone-type herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, and the three way mix); however, in the year following the last treatment, regrowth occurred.

Response of Four Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Cultivars to Fall-Applied Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Stellaria Media ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Delayed Growth

Combination treatments of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + mecoprop {2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy] propionic acid} + dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) injured actively growing bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] immediately after treatment. Treatments made at the normal (1.1 + 0.6 + 0.1 kg ai/ha) rate in August, September, or October, did not affect winter survival. A triple rate (3.3 + 1.8 + 0.3 kg/ha) delayed growth of ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Tifdwarf’ more the following April than ‘Tifway’ and ‘Ormond’. Due to a reduction in turf stand from herbicide treatments, the cover of common chickweed [Stellaria media(L.) Cyrillo # STEME] was higher in plots to which herbicides were applied in August or September than in untreated plots. The cover of weeds was lower in Tifway and Ormond plots than in Tifgreen and Tifdwarf plots.

Movement of Several Herbicides Through Excised Plant Tissue

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Taylor ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tissue Orientation ◽  
Chemical Retention ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Uptake and movement of various herbicides and auxins by bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) petiole sections were studied. Isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) was the most mobile of the compunds studied, followed in order of decreasing mobility by: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole), (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron), and 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben). Amiben immobilization may have been due to glucoside formation in the tissues. IAA was rapidly transported through basipetally but not acropetally oriented tissue. Tissue orientation had little effect on the movement of the other compounds. Mobility of the compounds studied, in general, appears to be a function of the amount of uncomplexed parent chemical. Retention is likely the result of conjugation with products in the cells or of physical binding in the cells.

Effect of Herbicides on the Production of Common Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney W. Bovey ◽  
Hugo Hein ◽  
Robert E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Relative Differences

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid), triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid}, tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea}, and hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] were applied at rates of 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha pre- and postemergence to greenhouse-grown common buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliarisL. ♯3PESCI). Buffelgrass tolerated preemergence sprays of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid up to and including 1.1 kg/ha. All other treatments except picloram and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha were phytotoxic to emerging buffelgrass. Buffelgrass tolerated early postemergence applications of 2,4-D, picloram, and tebuthiuron at 0.3 kg/ha; dicamba and 2,4,5-T at 0.6 kg/ha; and 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 2.2 kg/ha based on oven-dry shoot production 1 month after treatment. Regrowth of buffelgrass from stubble 1 month after original harvest of the early postemergence treatment occurred only with all rates of 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid and 2,4,5-T at 0.3 kg/ha. When treated at 45 days after planting, buffelgrass tolerated dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid, and picloram at 2.2 kg/ha, but top growth production was significantly reduced by most rates of hexazinone and tebuthiuron. Relative differences in regrowth of buffelgrass 1 month after the original harvest were similar to those of the original harvest. Mature buffelgrass (90 or 150 days old) responded similarly to herbicides as the 45-day-old buffelgrass.

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