Herbicide-Induced Ethylene Production: Role of the Gas in Sublethal Doses of 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Abeles
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Sublethal Doses ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Ethylene production was stimulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from light-grown corn (Zea mays L., var. XL-15) and soybeans (Glycine max Merr., var. Hawkeye). Ethylene had an inhibitory effect on the growth of corn and soybeans, but a reversal of the ethylene effect could not be clearly demonstrated using the competitive inhibitor, carbon dioxide. Ethylene did not mimic the ability of 2,4-D to cause growth curvatures. It was concluded that ethylene played a role in the activity of sublethal amounts of 2,4-D.

scholarly journals Biochemical Characterization of Recombinant UDPG-Dependent IAA Glucosyltransferase from Maize (Zea mays)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3355
Author(s):  
Anna Ciarkowska ◽  
Maciej Ostrowski ◽  
Anna Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Competitive Inhibitor ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Unique Effect ◽  
Potential Binding ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Here, we report a biochemical characterization of recombinant maize indole-3-acetyl-β-d-glucose (IAGlc) synthase which glucosylates indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and thus abolishes its auxinic activity affecting plant hormonal homeostasis. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that IAA is a preferred substrate of IAGlc synthase; however, the enzyme can also glucosylate indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-propionic acid with the relative activity of 66% and 49.7%, respectively. KM values determined for IAA and UDP glucose are 0.8 and 0.7 mM, respectively. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a competitive inhibitor of the synthase and causes a 1.5-fold decrease in the enzyme affinity towards IAA, with the Ki value determined as 117 μM, while IAA–Asp acts as an activator of the synthase. Two sugar-phosphate compounds, ATP and glucose-1-phosphate, have a unique effect on the enzyme by acting as activators at low concentrations and showing inhibitory effect at higher concentrations (above 0.6 and 4 mM for ATP and glucose-1-phosphate, respectively). Results of molecular docking revealed that both compounds can bind to the PSPG (plant secondary product glycosyltransferase) motif of IAGlc synthase; however, there are also different potential binding sites present in the enzyme. We postulate that IAGlc synthase may contain more than one binding site for ATP and glucose-1-phosphate as reflected in its activity modulation.

The role of a metabolic intermediate in the biodegradation of inhibitory substrates

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mungkarndee ◽  
S. M. Rao Bhamidimarri ◽  
A. J. Mawson ◽  
R. Chong
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Product ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Mutual Inhibition ◽  
Metabolic Intermediate ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Biodegradation of the mixed inhibitory substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and para-chloro-ortho-cresol (PCOC) was studied in aerobic batch cultures. Each substrate added beyond certain concentrations inhibited the degradation of the other. This mutual inhibition was found to be enhanced by 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which is an intermediate metabolic product of 2,4-D. When 2,4-DCP accumulated to approximatelY 40 mg/l degradation of all compounds in the mixed 2,4-D and PCOC substrate system was completely inhibited. The degradation of 2,4-D and PCOC individually was also found to be inhibited by elevated concentrations of 2,4-DCP added externally, while PCOC inhibited the utilization of the intermediate.

Absorption and Dissipation of TCA by Wheat and Oats

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. P. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

In the greenhouse, five crops were grown in soil containing trichloroacetic acid (TCA) at 3 to 24 ppm. Based on seedling yields, corn (Zea mays L., var. Morden 88) and oats (Avena sativa L., var. Rodney) were relatively tolerant to TCA at all rates, barley (Hordeum vulgare L., var. Conquest) and rye (Secale cereale L., var. Antelope) were tolerant at lower rates, but wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Manitou) suffered injury at all rates. When TCA-2-14C was applied to the roots of wheat and oats seedlings in water or nutrient solution, wheat seedlings absorbed more TCA-2-14C than oats. Potassium cyanide (KCN) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) decreased TCA-2-14C absorption by wheat more than that by oats. From 5 to 21 days after application, wheat retained two to four times as much TCA-2-14C as oats. Thus, half of the TCA-2-14C in shoots and roots of wheat disappeared in 11.3 and 11.4 days, respectively, compared with 7.9 and 3.5 days for oats. Based on this investigation, the difference in susceptibility of wheat and oats to TCA appeared to be governed by the metabolic processes involved in absorption and dissipation.

scholarly journals Effects of Temperature on Seed Germination of Plantago lanceolata and Management in Carya illinoinensis Production

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Kayla M. Eason ◽  
Lenny Wells ◽  
Nicholas T. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Diurnal Temperatures

Plantago lanceolata L. (buckhorn plantain) is an encroaching winter weed described as one of the most successful noncultivated colonizing species around the world. Control of P. lanceolata in southeastern USA Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch production has not been studied, nor has the role of temperature on germination using a thermal gradient table. Seed of P. lanceolata collected from a Georgia C. illinoinensis grove were tested for the effects of temperature over time to establish differences in effects on germination using a thermal gradient table. Temperatures ranged from 13.5 to 30.5 °C for 288 h. Cumulative P. lanceolata seed germination was 66% occurring at 17.8 °C at 242 h. Over the 288 h experiment, maximum P. lanceolata germination was 27% occurring at 17.0 °C, 187 h after initiation. Control of P. lanceolata with residual herbicides, or in combination with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was evaluated in the interrow of C. illinoinensis groves containing Trifolium repens L., and in greenhouse experiments. Pre- and post-emergent herbicides included indaziflam, halosulfuron-methyl, and simazine applied alone, or in combination with 2,4-D in late autumn after P. lanceolata emergence in a C. illinoinensis grove. Indaziflam in combination with 2,4-D controlled P. lanceolata greater than 90% when applied in C. illinoinensis groves and greenhouse experiments. Halosulfuron-methyl and simazine applied alone, or in combination with 2,4-D, provided 67% or less P. lanceolata control in the grove experiments, and 83% or less in greenhouse experiments. Results suggested that herbicide applications should be made during the time when diurnal temperatures are between 15 and 30 °C, while abiding pre-harvest interval restrictions. Post- and pre-emergent herbicides may aid in controlling emerged weeds and reducing further weed emergence during the autumn of that year.

scholarly journals Reversion of Senescence: Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Indoleacetic Acid on Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Ripening of Banana Fruit Slices

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Vendrell
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Indoleacetic Acid ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Banana Fruit ◽  
Unripe Fruit ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Slices cut from green, unripe fruit were treated by infiltration with aqueous solutions of 2,4�dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4�D) and indoleacetic acid (lAA). 2,4.D delayed but increased the size of those peaks in respiration and ethylene production which are induced by cutting; ripening was also delayed. These effects were proportional to concentrations of 2,4.D in the range 1O-LlO-3M. Higher concentrations caused injury.

Metabolism and Residues of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in DAS-40278-9 Maize (Zea mays) Transformed with Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase-1 Gene

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (40) ◽  
pp. 7438-7444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zhou ◽  
Sandra L. Rotondaro ◽  
Mingming Ma ◽  
Steve W. Rosser ◽  
Ed L. Olberding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

The role of UV-irradiation pretreatment on the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water

Luminescence ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Tchaikovskaya ◽  
I. Sokolova ◽  
G.V. Mayer ◽  
E. Karetnikova ◽  
E. Lipatnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

scholarly journals The Breakdown of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Shoots and Roots

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Canny ◽  
Katalin Markus
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Growth Substance ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Applied Dose ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Measurements have been made of the rate of evolution of labelled oarbon dioxide from shoots and from roots of tick beans whioh have been treated on one leaflet with a small dose of labelled 2,4-diohlorophenoxyaoetio aoid (2,4-D). The corresponding breakdown of 2,4-D in root and shoot has been oaloulated. The carbon dioxide evolved from the roots was oonsistently more radioaotive than that from the shoot suggesting that 2,4-D is more rapidly broken down in the former and the total loss of labelled oarbon in 4 days corresponded to about 5 per oent. of the applied dose of growth substanoe. 2,4-D was not readily extraotable from the roots at the conolusion of the respiration run and the labelled oarbon was shown to be present there in many compounds that were not 2,4-D. It is ooncluded that though part of the side-chain was rapidly lost from the plant as oarbon dioxide from the roots. this is not a main pathway involved in the inaotivation of this growth substance. The evidence from intact plants points strongly to most of the breakdown occurring in the roots. With out tissue, similar radioaotive assays and bioassays did not reveal a greater intrinsic capacity of the roots for 2,4-D breakdown.

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