The Breakdown of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Shoots and Roots

Measurements have been made of the rate of evolution of labelled oarbon dioxide from shoots and from roots of tick beans whioh have been treated on one leaflet with a small dose of labelled 2,4-diohlorophenoxyaoetio aoid (2,4-D). The corresponding breakdown of 2,4-D in root and shoot has been oaloulated. The carbon dioxide evolved from the roots was oonsistently more radioaotive than that from the shoot suggesting that 2,4-D is more rapidly broken down in the former and the total loss of labelled oarbon in 4 days corresponded to about 5 per oent. of the applied dose of growth substanoe. 2,4-D was not readily extraotable from the roots at the conolusion of the respiration run and the labelled oarbon was shown to be present there in many compounds that were not 2,4-D. It is ooncluded that though part of the side-chain was rapidly lost from the plant as oarbon dioxide from the roots. this is not a main pathway involved in the inaotivation of this growth substance. The evidence from intact plants points strongly to most of the breakdown occurring in the roots. With out tissue, similar radioaotive assays and bioassays did not reveal a greater intrinsic capacity of the roots for 2,4-D breakdown.

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Herbicide-Induced Ethylene Production: Role of the Gas in Sublethal Doses of 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450004786x ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 498-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

F. B. Abeles

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Zea Mays ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Competitive Inhibitor ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Sublethal Doses ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Ethylene production was stimulated by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from light-grown corn (Zea mays L., var. XL-15) and soybeans (Glycine max Merr., var. Hawkeye). Ethylene had an inhibitory effect on the growth of corn and soybeans, but a reversal of the ethylene effect could not be clearly demonstrated using the competitive inhibitor, carbon dioxide. Ethylene did not mimic the ability of 2,4-D to cause growth curvatures. It was concluded that ethylene played a role in the activity of sublethal amounts of 2,4-D.

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Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. II. Metabolism of the side chain by bean plants

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics ◽

10.1016/0003-9861(52)90112-4 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 40 (2) ◽

pp. 277-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Robert L. Weintraub ◽

John N. Yeatman ◽

James A. Lockhart ◽

Justin H. Reinhart ◽

Melvin Fields

Keyword(s):

Side Chain ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Bean Plants ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

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Growth substance requirements and major lipid constituents of tissue cultures of Euphorbia esula and E. cyparissias

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b72-090 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 723-726 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

T. T. Lee ◽

A. N. Starratt

Keyword(s):

Callus Tissue ◽

Defined Medium ◽

Growth Substance ◽

Tissue Growth ◽

Euphorbia Esula ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Callus Tissues ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Root Tissues

The root tissues of Euphorbia esula and E. cyparissias form callus on chemically defined medium. Both species require an exogenous supply of auxin for growth, but the appearance and color of the tissue and their responses to kinetin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) are different. The tissue growth is more satisfactory with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) than with 2,4-D, IAA, or 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram). Gibberellic acid has no effect. The callus tissues of E. esula become intensely green under light but are not autotrophic.Triglycerides, palmitic acid, and β-sitosterol are the major lipid constituents of the callus tissue of E. esula. Chromatographic analysis reveals no significant differences in the composition of extracts from the non-green and green tissues. Long-chain aldehydes, alcohols, and triterpenes found in the plant are not detected in the cultures.

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Roles of plant growth substance in callus induction of Achyranthes bidentata

Research in Plant Biology ◽

10.19071/ripb.2016.v6.3079 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Author(s):

Hongying Duan ◽

Weikai Ding ◽

Jianying Song ◽

Jiaming Xu ◽

Huina Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Growth Substance ◽

Optimum Combination ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Growth Substances ◽

Plant Growth Substance ◽

Achyranthes Bidentata ◽

Plant Growth Substances ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

In this research, callus from leaves, petioles and stems of Achyranthes bidentata was evidently initiated by plant growth substance, in which 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was very important to callus induction, but effects of other plant growth substances were various, and the optimum combination of plant growth substances for callus induction from leaves, petioles and stems was respectively obtained. Compared with callus induction from leaves and petioles, callus induction from stems was easier, and the higher induction rate and bigger mass of callus from stems were obtained. This study showed that the dedifferentiation capacity of various explants from Achyranthes bidentata was obviously different, and effects of plant growth substance on callus induction from various explants of Achyranthes bidentata were significantly diverse.

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Transformation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in four different marine and estuarine sediments: effects of sulfate, hydrogen and acetate on dehalogenation and side-chain cleavage

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00602.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 105-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Alfred W Boyle ◽

Victoria K Knight ◽

Max M HÃ¤ggblom ◽

Lily Y Young

Keyword(s):

Estuarine Sediments ◽

Side Chain ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Side Chain Cleavage ◽

Chain Cleavage ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

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STUDIES ON A SOIL ACHROMOBACTER WHICH DEGRADES 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m60-037 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 325-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Gordon R. Bell

Keyword(s):

Adaptive System ◽

Side Chain ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Carboxyl Group ◽

Ortho Position ◽

Structural Requirements ◽

Achromobacter Sp ◽

Barbital Buffer ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Prior Adaptation

Cells of an Achromobacter sp. possess what appears to be an adaptive system that is capable of oxidizing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The 2,4-D oxidizing system was most active at 30 °C. at pH 6.0 or lower, and in barbital buffer. The organism can oxidize a wide variety of 2,4-D analogues, and 2,4-dichloroplienol without prior adaptation, making analysis of mechanisms difficult. For rates of oxidation comparable with that of 2,4-D the organism appeared to have the following structural requirements: a free ortho position and, more important, an unchlorinated ortho position; a free carboxyl group on the side chain preferably β to the ethereal linkage; a chlorine atom in the para position and no more than two chlorine atoms in the ring whether or not an ortho position is free. Proposed and established pathways for the degradation of 2,4-D are presented and a possible new pathway involving 2,4-dichloroanisole is suggested.

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In Vitro Shoot Regeneration from Callus Derived from Marubakaido Apple Rootstock under Different Aluminium Concentrations

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.460e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 460e-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marisa F. de Oliveira ◽

Gerson R. de L. Fortes ◽

João B. da Silva

Keyword(s):

Shoot Regeneration ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Apple Rootstock ◽

Under Five ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Previously Treated ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

The aim of this work was to evaluate the organogenesis of Marubakaido apple rootstock under different aluminium concentratons. The explants were calli derived from apple internodes treated with either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or pichloram at 0.5 and 1.0 μM and under five different aluminium concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/L). These calli were then treated with aluminium at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L. It was observed shoot regeneration only for those calli previously treated with pichloram. There were no significant difference among the aluminium concentrations.

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Characterization of the Reproductive Mode in Guayule In Vitro

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.483a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 483a-483

Author(s):

Roy N. Keys ◽

Dennis T. Ray ◽

David A. Dierig

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Reproductive Mode ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Initial Field ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Reproductive Modes ◽

Desert Southwest ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is a latex-producing perennial desert shrub that is potentially of economic importance as an industrial crop for the desert Southwest. It is known to possess complex reproductive modes. Diploids are predominantly sexual and self-incompatible, while polyploids show a range of apomictic potential and self-compatibility. This paper describes the development of a relatively rapid and simple technique for characterizing reproductive modes of breeding lines of P. argentatum. Initial field experiments were based on an auxin test used successfully to characterize reproductive mode in the Poaceae. The application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid inhibited embryo formation in P. argentatum, but this was not the case with other auxins tested. Results of field experiments were ambiguous because: 1) the floral structure of P. argentatum is such that auxins might not have penetrated to the ovules, and 2) there was potential self-fertilization by pollen released within isolation bags. Therefore, in vitro culture of flower heads was tested because it provided much better control of environmental conditions, growth regulator application, and pollen release. Auxin alone, or in combination with gibberellic acid or kinetin, inhibited parthenogenesis in vitro. Embryo production did not vary using two substantially different nutrient media. In vitro flower head culture using a (Nitsch and Nitsch) liquid nutrient medium without growth regulators, enabled characterization of the reproductive mode of seven breeding lines, ranging from predominantly sexual to predominantly apomictic. The results of this technique were substantiated using RAPD analyzes of progeny arrays from controlled crosses.

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The role of a metabolic intermediate in the biodegradation of inhibitory substrates

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0352 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 27-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Mungkarndee ◽

S. M. Rao Bhamidimarri ◽

A. J. Mawson ◽

R. Chong

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Metabolic Product ◽

Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽

Mutual Inhibition ◽

Metabolic Intermediate ◽

Batch Cultures ◽

Ortho Cresol ◽

2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Biodegradation of the mixed inhibitory substrates, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and para-chloro-ortho-cresol (PCOC) was studied in aerobic batch cultures. Each substrate added beyond certain concentrations inhibited the degradation of the other. This mutual inhibition was found to be enhanced by 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) which is an intermediate metabolic product of 2,4-D. When 2,4-DCP accumulated to approximatelY 40 mg/l degradation of all compounds in the mixed 2,4-D and PCOC substrate system was completely inhibited. The degradation of 2,4-D and PCOC individually was also found to be inhibited by elevated concentrations of 2,4-DCP added externally, while PCOC inhibited the utilization of the intermediate.

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