Phytotoxic Interaction between Phenylurea Herbicides in a Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-Soybean (Glycine max) Sequence

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Chandler ◽  
K. E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Phenylurea Herbicides ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Significant Chemical

Preliminary greenhouse studies indicated the presence of a synergistic interaction between low rates of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] in combination with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] or chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea]. In a 3-yr field study, moderate injury of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions. Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha. These interactions were not apparent in soybean yield data. Soybean injury the third year ranged from 30 to 60% with single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromuron, although yields were not affected. Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively, injured soybeans, but did not reduce yields. Significant synergistic interactions were observed through injury and yield measurements after two annual applications of fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron or chlorbromuron. A synergistic interaction was detected in soybean yields with chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha preceded by two annual applications of diuron at 3.36 kg/ha. Such interactions may occur under field conditions, but are unlikely to be economically significant. Chemical analysis indicated little evidence of accumulation, even with repeated application of fluometuron or diuron at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively.

Influence of Geographic Region on Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max) and Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence R. Oliver ◽  
James M. Chandler ◽  
Gale A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Fresh Weight

Experiments with similar experimental design, soil, and planting date were conducted between 1975 and 1979 to evaluate the interference of jimsonweed on soybeans and cotton in Alabama (AL), Arkansas (AR), and Mississippi (MS). Jimsonweed densities were 0, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 plants 12 m−1of row. Because of variation in rainfall patterns, geographic region influenced jimsonweed interference in cotton but not in soybeans. Even though jimsonweed interference was reduced by lack of rainfall, jimsonweed was more competitive in the less competitive cotton than in soybeans. Jimsonweed at 64 plants 12 m−1of row was more competitive with cotton than soybeans, causing a 56 and 16% yield reduction, respectively. Position of jimsonweed to the soybean row did not influence competitiveness. Interspecific interference with soybeans caused one-third more reduction in jimsonweed fresh weight and capsules per plant than interspecific interference with cotton. The potential for jimsonweed to become a problem in southern soybeans is less than its potential in cotton because of the competitive ability of soybeans to reduce the growth and reproductive potential of jimsonweed.

Persistence of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Herbicides and Injury to Replacement Soybeans (Glycine max) after Stand Failure

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Sharp ◽  
Robert Frans ◽  
Ronald Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Tillage Method

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] are often the replacement crop when cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) is abandoned because of stand failure in the southern United States. Injury from cotton herbicides may be reduced if the soybean planting is delayed more than 4 weeks after cotton planting or if the original herbicide-treated area is fully tilled and a new seedbed formed. Planting delay intervals were compared with five cotton preemergence herbicides on Calloway silt loam at one location. Seedbed-preparation methods were included in a similar experiment at two locations on Sharkey silty clay. Herbicides compared were fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Seedbeds compared were no-till and conventional (fully tilled). Soybean planting delays after cotton planting were 20, 29, and 56 days (first year), and 15 and 29 or 15 and 30 days (second year). We found in the 2-yr studies that fluridone severely damaged soybeans both years. Fluometuron and diuron also caused damage the second year when we experienced wet, cool conditions in the spring. Most injury occurred on the clay, with yield reductions occurring even after the 30-day delay. Norflurazon was most injurious at this location. The no-tillage planting method resulted in the least herbicide injury on the silt loam and the conventional tillage method was better on the clay. Detailed studies with fluometuron under incubation conditions showed that degradation was inhibited most by low temperatures and high soil moisture.

Herbicidal Concentrations of Picloram in Cell Culture and Leaf Buds

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Davis ◽  
A. Villarreal ◽  
J. R. Baur ◽  
I. S. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Primary Leaf ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Internal Concentration ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Cell cultures of soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merrill ‘Acme’) were exposed to media containing 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) for 15 days. Picloram also was supplied once in droplets (water) to cotyledons of 10 to 13-day-old seedlings of cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Champion’). The amounts of picloram necessary to reach and exceed the 50% tolerance limit (TL50) of the cell cultures (inhibition) and of the primary leaf buds (toxicity) were established, and internal picloram concentrations then were determined. Internal concentrations at the TL50were 0.17 nM/g fresh weight and 14.7 nM/g fresh weight for cell cultures and leaf buds, respectively. These values are approximately 10−7and 10−5molar. In leaf buds, concentrations increased rapidly for 36 hr after treatment and declined slowly thereafter. Primary leaf buds accumulated up to several times the lethal internal concentration of picloram when the dosage to the cotyledons was increased by one order of magnitude.

Spatial and temporal regulation of a soybean (Glycine max) lectin promoter in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda J. Townsend ◽  
Danny J. Llewellyn
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Embryo Development ◽  
Promoter Activity ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Transgenic Cotton ◽  
Gus Activity ◽  
Mature Seed ◽  
Lectin Gene ◽  
Lectin Promoter

The activity of a soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) lectin gene promoter was investigated in transgenic cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with the view to using this promoter for the seed-specific alteration of gossypol, a secondary metabolite in cotton that has adverse effects on the nutritional value of cottonseed products like oil and protein-rich meal. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation generated stable transformants containing a construct with the lectin promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase reporter gene (pLeGUS). Fluorometric GUS assays and northern hybridization detected strong promoter activity during embryo development. GUS activity in developing embryos was detected as early as 10 d post-anthesis (dpa), peaking late in embryo maturation. Enzyme activity persisted in imbibed mature seed, and negligible activity remained detectable in the roots and cotyledons of 7-d-old seedlings. No GUS activity was detected in leaves and squares of mature plants. GUS transcripts increased during embryo development to peak about 35 dpa, declining to a low level in imbibed mature seed. No transcripts were detected in roots, cotyledons, leaves or squares. Histochemical GUS activity staining indicated promoter activity in all cells of the cotyledons, including the flattened cells of the gossypol glands, the presumed site of synthesis of gossypol. This study concluded that the soybean lectin gene promoter is a useful tool for the seed-specific expression of transgenes in cotton.

scholarly journals KERAPATAN GALUR HARAPAN KAPAS PADA SISTEM TUMPANGSARI DENGAN KEDELAI

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
PRIMA DIARINI RIAJAYA ◽  
FITRININGDYAH TRI KADARWATI
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiency ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Plot Design

<p>Penelitian pengaturan kerapalan galur harapan kapas pada sistem tumpangsari dengan kedelai dilakukan di IPPTP Mojosari, Mojokerto, Jawa Timur pada lahan sawah sesudah padi dari bulan Mei sampai dengan Oktobcr 2000. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan kerapalan lanaman yang sesuai pada galur harapan kapas pada sistem tumpangsari dengan kedelai Percobaan disusun dalam rancangan petak tcrbagi dengan 4 varictas'galur (92016/6, 91001 29 2, 88003/16/2 dan Kanesia 7) sebagai pelak utama Anak petak terdiri atas 3 tata tanam yaitu (1) tala tanam 1(1); 3, yaitu I bans kapas (I tan 'lubang) dan 3 bais kedelai, (2) tata tanam 2 (1) 4 yaitu 2 baris kapas(l tan.'lubang) dan 4 baris kedelai, (3) tata tanam 1 (2)3 yaitu 1 baris (2 tan 'lubang dan 3 bais kedelai) Jarak lanam kapas dan kedelai pada (ala tanam 1(1) 3 adalah 150 x 20 cm dan 25 x 20 cm, pada tata tanam 2( I ):4 adalah 150 (60) cm x 30 cm dan 20 cm x 20 cm, dan tata tanam 1 (2) 3 adalah 150 cm x 30 cm dan 25 cm x 20 cm Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lata tanam yang sesuai pada galur varietas baru kapas adalah tata tanam 1(1)3 |1 baris kapas (1 tan lubang) dan tiga baris kedelai] Mengurangi jumlah lanaman kapas tiap lubang dari 2 menjadi I lanaman pada tata tanam 1 (2)3 (1 baris kapas (2 lan lubang) dan 3 bais kedelai) meningkatkan eisiensi fotosintcsis dai 59 x 10 menjadi 9.4 x 10"" mgC02.mgll20 sehingga produksi kapas meningkat dari 1 167 2 menjadi I 251 6 kgha, sedangkan produksi kedelai tidak berpengaruh yaitu rata-rata 846 kgha Apabila dialur dalam sistem 2:4 (2 baris kapas diantara 4 baris kedelai), maka eisiensi fotosintcsis hanya meningkat dari 5.9 x \0A menjadi 77 x 10 mg C02mg H20 sehingga produksi kapas hanya meningkat dari I 167 2 menjadi I 206 2 kgha Pada kedua sistem lanam tersebut produktivitas galur 8800316/2 (1 323.3 kgha) lidak berbeda dengan Kanesia 7 (I 365.2 kg/ha) dan nyata lebih tinggi daripada galur 920166 (1 096 9 kgha) maupun 91001.29/2 (1 048 0 kgha).</p><p>Kata kunci: Gossypium hirsutum. kapas. Glycine Max, kedelai, kerapatan lanaman, tumpangsari, hasil</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Density of neyv cotton lines under intercropping system with soybean</strong></p><p>The ield trial on different crop densities for new cotton lines under intercropping system with soybean was conducted in Mojosari. East Java from May lo October 2000 on the rice ield ater harvest. The purpose of the study was to investigate die optimum population for new cotton lines under intercropping with soybean The field experiment was arranged in a Split Plot Design with three replications. Pour new cotton lines were allocated lo main plots 92016 6, 91001/29.2 (okra leal). 88003/16/2 and Kanesia 7 'Three crop arrangements were allocated to sub-plots: 1 (1 ):3 [1 cotton row (I plant/hole) in between 3 rows of soybean), 2(1 ):4 [ 2 coton rows (1 plant/hole) in between 4 rows of soybean, and 1(2):3 (1 cotton row (2 planlholc) in between 3 rows of soybean). Two replications for sole crops of cotton and soybean were included in this expeiment lo compare both cropping systems. Research showed that by keeping one cotton plant/hole under intercropping system wi(h soybean in arrangement of 1:3 11 conon row in between 3 rows of soybean), increased the photosynthetic efficiency from 5 9 x 10"* to 9.4 x 10"* mg C02/mg H20, causing cotton yield increased from 1167.2 to 1 251.6 kg/ha; however soybean yield did not differ between different propotions of cotton and soybean (846 kg/ha) Under arrangement of Iwo cotton rows * four rows of soybean, the photosynthetic efficiency increased from 5.9 x 10"1 to 7.7 x 10"* mg COj'mg HjO resulted in increased cotton yield from I 167.2 lo 1 206.2 kgha Ihe yield of line 88003/16 2 (1 323.3 kgha) did not differ with that on Kanesia 7 (I 365.2 kg/ha); both were higher than those on 92016/6 (1 096.9 kg/ha) and 91001 /29/2 (1 048.0 kgha).</p><p>Key words: Gossypium hirsutum, kapas. Glycine Max, soybean, crop density, intercropping, yield</p>

scholarly journals Atividade inseticida de óleos essenciais e fixos sobre Callosobruchus maculatus (FABR., 1775) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) em grãos de caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP.]

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Carla Ribeiro Lopes Pereira ◽  
José Vargas de Oliveira ◽  
Manoel Guedes Corrêa Gondim Junior ◽  
Cláudio Augusto Gomes da Câmara
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽  
Sesamum Indicum ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Caryocar Brasiliense ◽  
Piper Aduncum

O caruncho, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabr.), é considerado a praga mais importante do caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., armazenado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Visando minimizar os efeitos indesejáveis dos inseticidas químicos sintéticos, o controle dessa praga com óleos de origem vegetal vem se constituindo numa alternativa promissora, de baixo custo e segura para os aplicadores e consumidores. Foram testados os óleos essenciais [(Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) J.F. Watson], Piper aduncum L., Piper hispidinervum C.DC., Melaleuca sp., Lippia gracillis Shauer) e fixos (Helianthus annuus L, Sesamum indicum L, Gossypium hirsutum L., Glycine max (L.) Merr. e Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), em grãos de caupi, cv. Sempre Verde. Os óleos foram utilizados nas concentrações 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50mL/20g, correspondendo a 0,5, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 e 2,5 L/t e impregnados aos grãos no interior de recipientes de plástico, com auxílio de pipetador automático e agitados manualmente durante dois minutos. Parcelas de 20g de caupi foram infestadas com oito fêmeas de C. maculatus, com 0 a 48 h de idade. Cada óleo foi testado, separadamente, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado com seis repetições. Os óleos essenciais de C. martini, P. aduncum e L. gracillis causaram 100% de mortalidade em todas as concentrações, P. hispidinervum a partir de 1,5 L/t e Melaleuca sp. nas concentrações de 2,0 e 2,5 L/t. A redução do número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos foi de 100% para todos os óleos essenciais, exceto Melaleuca sp. Por outro lado, os óleos fixos, apesar de apresentarem baixa mortalidade em todas as concentrações testadas, reduziram em praticamente 100% o número de ovos viáveis e de insetos emergidos.

Growth Inhibition of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Soybean (Glycine max) Roots and Shoots by Three Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Murray ◽  
J. E. Street ◽  
J. K. Soteres ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Plant Response ◽  
Control Chamber ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Environmental control chamber experiments showed that cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213′) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Bragg’] root and shoot growth were reduced when treated with increasing rates of dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-tri-fluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,αα-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dintrio-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Viusal root ratings, dry root weights, and fresh and dry herbage weights were used to evaluate plant response to herbicide treatments in environmental chambers. The order of increasing GR50values for cotton on two soils and with all response measurements, except dry root weights on one soil, was trifluralin, dinitramine, and profluralin. The order of increasing GR50values for soybeans on two soils and with all response measurements was dinitramine, trifluralin, and profluralin.

Plant and Soil Arsenic Analyses

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Wilkinson ◽  
W. S. Hardcastle
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Soil Arsenic ◽  
Repeated Applications

Neutron-activation analyses of arsenic were reproducibly quantitative at 10 ng As and might be extended as low as 3 ng As with extended counting periods. The method was tested on soil and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., var. Atlas 67) leaves treated with repeated applications of monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA). Leaves from untreated plants contained 55 ng As/g whereas leaves from treated plants showed higher levels of arsenic. Translocation of As was demonstrated and analysis of arsenic in the soil was valid.

Response of Weedy and Commercial Okras (Abelmoschus esculentus) to Preemergence Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dennis Elmore ◽  
Jim E. Dale
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Comparative Susceptibility ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

The comparative susceptibility of weedy okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] and three commercial okra cultivars (′Dwarf Green Long Pod′, ‘Clemson Spineless', and ‘White Velvet′) to six preemergence herbicides was evaluated in the greenhouse. Okra can be controlled in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields with appropriate preemergence herbicide use. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4H)-one] completely controlled okra at 0.2 to 0.8 kg/ha. Fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] at 0.9 to 1.8 kg/ha and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} at 1.2 to 2.4 kg/ha controlled okra, but at the 0.6 kg/ha rate cyanazine did not control wild okra and fluometuron at 0.45 kg/ha did not completely control any cultivar. Norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3 (2H)-pyridazinone] bleached the cotyledons and young leaves of okra, but gave 50% or less control even at 2.4 kg/ha. Both the weedy and commercial okras were completely resistant to trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro -N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] but higher rates of these herbicides affected okra growth.

Weed Control for Close-Drilled Soybeans

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Wax
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

Delayed planting or “stale seedbed” for weed control in close-drilled (20-cm rows) soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy’] was evaluated for 3 years. The system combined final seedbed preparation 3 to 6 weeks before planting with herbicide application at planting time. The best control of six weed species and highest soybean yields were obtained bya,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) application at the time of seedbed preparation followed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea (linuron) application at planting and by linuron application at planting without the early trifluralin application. Applications of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat) at planting, either with or without trifluralin treatments, resulted in less weed control and lower soybean yields than comparable treatments with linuron. However, even the best treatments failed to provide the weed control necessary to prevent substantial soybean yield reduction in heavy infestations of weeds that emerge in large numbers after planting, and that resist the phytotoxic action of the herbicides.

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