Persistence of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Herbicides and Injury to Replacement Soybeans (Glycine max) after Stand Failure

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Sharp ◽  
Robert Frans ◽  
Ronald Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Tillage Method

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] are often the replacement crop when cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) is abandoned because of stand failure in the southern United States. Injury from cotton herbicides may be reduced if the soybean planting is delayed more than 4 weeks after cotton planting or if the original herbicide-treated area is fully tilled and a new seedbed formed. Planting delay intervals were compared with five cotton preemergence herbicides on Calloway silt loam at one location. Seedbed-preparation methods were included in a similar experiment at two locations on Sharkey silty clay. Herbicides compared were fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], norflurazon [4-chloro-5-(methylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile}, perfluidone {1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-phenylsulfonyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide}, fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, and diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Seedbeds compared were no-till and conventional (fully tilled). Soybean planting delays after cotton planting were 20, 29, and 56 days (first year), and 15 and 29 or 15 and 30 days (second year). We found in the 2-yr studies that fluridone severely damaged soybeans both years. Fluometuron and diuron also caused damage the second year when we experienced wet, cool conditions in the spring. Most injury occurred on the clay, with yield reductions occurring even after the 30-day delay. Norflurazon was most injurious at this location. The no-tillage planting method resulted in the least herbicide injury on the silt loam and the conventional tillage method was better on the clay. Detailed studies with fluometuron under incubation conditions showed that degradation was inhibited most by low temperatures and high soil moisture.

Soybean nitrogen contribution to corn and residual nitrate under conventional tillage and no-till

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Rembon ◽  
A. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Tillage Method

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) can produce high-N residues that may benefit subsequent corn (Zea mays L.) production, but the degree of benefit is often unpredictable and may be related to tillage methods. This study investigated the effects of conventional-tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) on fertilizer replacement values for corn in a corn-soybean rotation. Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons on two soils, a Ste. Rosalie clay (Humic Gleysol), and an Ormstown silty clay (Humic Gleysol). Continuous corn, corn following soybean, soybean following corn, continuous soybean, and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 90, 180 and 0, 20, and 40 kg N ha−1 for corn and soybean, respectively) were compared. Tillage did not effect yield or N uptake consistently. Corn grain yields and N uptake were greater following soybean than following corn. Soybean provided N fertilizer credits ranging from 40 to 150 kg N ha−1, which was greater than the residual NO3 in the soil prior to planting. Credits were greater in the year with higher corn yields and lower previous winter precipitation resulting in greater NO3 carryover. Tillage effects on N credits from soybean differed between the sites. Consequently, N contributions of soybean to corn could not be related to tillage method or soil type. Key words:Zea mays L., Glycine max L. Merill, rotations, grain yield, N uptake, tillage, fertilizer N

Carryover of DPX-PE350 to Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Soybean (Glycine max) on Two Arkansas Soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
David H. Johnson ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
J. Andrew Kendig ◽  
Robert E. Frans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Incubation Study

Field experiments were conducted to determine carryover potential to grain sorghum and soybean of DPX-PE350 applied POST at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 kg ai ha−1to cotton the previous year. DPX-PE350 did not injure soybean or affect yield adversely. Grain sorghum was injured and maturity delayed on a Sharkey silty clay but not on a Calloway silt loam. Grain sorghum yield was reduced on both soils 16 and 22%, respectively, by residues from the 0.1 and 0.2 kg ha−1rates of DPX-PE350. In an incubation study, dissipation of DPX-PE350 was greater at 35 C than at 5 C., and did not differ between the two soils.

Long-Term Tillage Effects on Seed Banks in Three Ohio Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cardina ◽  
Emilie Regnier ◽  
Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Seed Banks ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Minimum Tillage ◽  
Common Lambsquarters

Soils from long-term tillage plots at three locations in Ohio were sampled to determine composition and size of weed seed banks following 25 yr of continuous no-tillage, minimum-tillage, or conventional-tillage corn production. The same herbicide was applied across tillage treatments within each year and an untreated permanent grass sod was sampled for comparison. Seed numbers to a 15-cm depth were highest in the no-tillage treatment in the Crosby silt loam (77 800 m–2) and Wooster silt loam (8400 m–2) soils and in the grass sod (7400 m–2) in a Hoytville silty clay loam soil. Lowest seed numbers were found in conventional-tillage plots in the Wooster soil (400 m–2) and in minimum-tillage plots in the Crosby (2200 m–2) and Hoytville (400 m–2) soils. Concentration of seeds decreased with depth but the effect of tillage on seed depth was not consistent among soil types. Number of weed species was highest in permanent grass sod (10 to 18) and decreased as soil disturbance increased; weed populations were lowest in conventional tillage in the Hoytville soil. Common lambsquarters, pigweeds, and fall panicum were the most commonly found seeds in all soils. Diversity indices indicated that increased soil disturbance resulted in a decrease in species diversity. Weed populations the summer following soil sampling included common lambsquarters, pigweeds, fall panicum, and several species not detected in the seed bank.

Influence of Soil pH ons-Triazine Availability to Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Best ◽  
J. B. Weber ◽  
T. J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Silt Loam

Field studies indicated that liming an acid Bladen silt loam from pH 5.5 to 7.5 increased the phytotoxicity of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and prometryn [2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine]. Liming greatly increased the persistence of atrazine, but did not affect prometryn dissipation. Liming increased the14C-concentration present in the shoots of corn (Zea MaysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 201’), and soybeans [Glycine Max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’] from soil treated with14C-ring labeled atrazine, prometryn, and hydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] in greenhouse studies. Decreases in14C-uptake by the crops were associated with adsorption and degradation of the compounds in the soil. Atrazine was taken up in much greater amounts than hydroxyatrazine. Cotton absorbed less of thes-triazines than soybeans or corn from soil.

Interaction of Metribuzin and Trifluralin with Soil Type on Soybean(Glycine max)Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Moomaw ◽  
A. R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Soybean Yield

Field experiments were conducted on a Moody silty clay loam (pH 6.5) and a Crofton silt loam (pH 7.9) to evaluate the influence of soil texture and pH on metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] toxicity to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Amsoy 71’] as influenced by trifluralin [α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine]. One Crofton silt loam site contained atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] residue. Soybean growth and yield was not significantly affected by metribuzin and trifluralin applications on the Moody silty clay loam. On the Crofton silt loam without atrazine residue, substantial early season soybean injury from metribuzin did not result in significantly reduced soybean yield. Atrazine residue from previous row banding on corn(Zea maysL.) on the Crofton silt loam reduced soybean tolerance to metribuzin but normal use rates of 0.4 kg/ha metribuzin did not significantly reduce soybean yield. Trifluralin reduced early season soybean injury from metribuzin but this effect was not reflected in soybean yield. Metribuzin injury to soybeans was greater in years when more rainfall and cooler temperatures occurred following herbicide application. Metribuzin applied either preplant incorporated with or as an overlay on trifluralin resulted in equal soybean injury and yield.

Residual Fluometuron Levels in Three Arkansas Soils under Continuous Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Production

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brent Rogers ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert ◽  
John D. Mattice ◽  
Terry L. Law ◽  
Robert E. Frans
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Cotton Production ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
Dry Conditions

Evidence has shown that fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea} persists beyond the end of the growing season when used in continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) production. Samples were taken from three soils following cotton production in 1980, 1981, and 1982. All three soils had been in production under the same herbicide use regime, fluometuron preemergence followed by fluometuron plus MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), since either 1976 or 1977. The fluometuron remaining in each soil was quantified using a greenhouse bioassay and a chemical extraction technique followed by high-performance liquid chromatography determinations. The fluometuron concentrations determined by bioassay and chemical extraction methods had partial correlation coefficients of 0.62, 0.91, and 0.72 for a Sharkey silty clay, a Dundee silt loam, and a Loring silt loam, respectively. Predictive equations were determined for each soil to relate chemical extraction findings to plant response. Bioassay analysis indicated nearly 2 ppmw of fluometuron in the Sharkey silty clay in October 1980, with 1 ppmw in the Dundee silt loam, and approximately 0.27 ppmw in the Loring silt loam with annual application rates of 4.0, 2.9, and 3.5 kg/ha, respectively. Fluometuron concentrations as determined by chemical analysis were 0.83, 0.34, and 0.14 ppmw, respectively. Fluometuron concentrations declined over the winter in all three soils. Samples taken in March of 1981, 1982, and 1983 showed little difference in carryover levels in the Sharkey silty clay but more yearly variation in the other two soils. Fluometuron was found in all three soils to depths of 60 cm, but more than 55% of the fluometuron was found in the upper 15 cm of each soil. A controlled laboratory study conducted with the three soils showed that both cold and dry conditions reduced fluometuron dissipation rates. In the laboratory under conditions favorable for dissipation, fluometuron had a half-life of 26 days in the Dundee silt loam, 43 days in the Loring silt loam, and 73 days in the Sharkey silty clay. In the field, dissipation was very rapid in the Loring silt loam compared to the Dundee silt loam and the Sharkey silty clay.

Effect of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Herbicide Carryover on Subsequent Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 756-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Brent Rogers ◽  
Ronald Talbert ◽  
Robert Frans
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Monosodium Salt ◽  
Methylarsonic Acid ◽  
Intensive Program ◽  
Herbicide Programs

The residual effect of three cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) herbicide programs, including the use of no herbicides, a minimum program consisting of fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] urea} and MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid), and an intensive program consisting of trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine], fluometuron, MSMA, and linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea], were evaluated from 1976 to 1982. Herbicide injury to wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.) on three soils showed carryover effects in the following sequence: Sharkey silty clay > Dundee silt loam > Loring silt loam. The intensive program was the most injurious on the Sharkey silty clay. The effects of the two herbicide programs were nearly equal on the Dundee and Loring silt loams. Possible replacement crops for cotton, such as grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] and corn (Zea maysL.) suffered the least damage from carryover; rice (Oryza sativaL.), soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and cucumber (Cucumis sativisL.) suffered severe damage. Greenhouse bioassays generally confirmed field results, and fluometuron appeared to be the major component of carryover.

Phytotoxic Interaction between Phenylurea Herbicides in a Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-Soybean (Glycine max) Sequence

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Chandler ◽  
K. E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Synergistic Interaction ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Phenylurea Herbicides ◽  
Synergistic Interactions ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Significant Chemical

Preliminary greenhouse studies indicated the presence of a synergistic interaction between low rates of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] in combination with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] or chlorbromuron [3-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea]. In a 3-yr field study, moderate injury of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) with no yield reduction was observed with fluometuron or diuron at 1.68 and 1.12 kg/ha, respectively, but higher rates (5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively) caused injury and yield reductions. Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’] injury ratings during the second year indicated a synergistic interaction between residue from fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha or chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha, and from diuron at 3.36 kg/ha combined with linuron at 2.48 kg/ha. These interactions were not apparent in soybean yield data. Soybean injury the third year ranged from 30 to 60% with single or repeated applications of linuron or chlorbromuron, although yields were not affected. Residual fluometuron and diuron from 2 yr of application at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively, injured soybeans, but did not reduce yields. Significant synergistic interactions were observed through injury and yield measurements after two annual applications of fluometuron at 5.04 kg/ha combined with linuron or chlorbromuron. A synergistic interaction was detected in soybean yields with chlorbromuron at 3.85 kg/ha preceded by two annual applications of diuron at 3.36 kg/ha. Such interactions may occur under field conditions, but are unlikely to be economically significant. Chemical analysis indicated little evidence of accumulation, even with repeated application of fluometuron or diuron at 5.04 and 3.36 kg/ha, respectively.

Weed Control Programs for Minimum-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Brown ◽  
Ted Whitwell
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Vicia Villosa ◽  
Trifolium Incarnatum ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Seedbed Preparation ◽  
Annual Weeds

Eleven herbicide systems were evaluated from 1981 to 1983 for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 825’) planted no-till directly into cover crops or winter fallow and for cotton planted following conventional tillage. Herbicide systems consisted of paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and/or residual herbicides applied prior to crop emergence. Some systems also included early postemergence or postemergence-directed applications. Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.), and rye (Secale cerealeL.). Soil cover in fallow treatments was comprised mainly of cotton stalk residue. Conventional tillage and seedbed preparation included fall moldboard plowing and spring disking/smoothing. Treatments were maintained in the same site each year. Order of cover crop susceptibility to herbicides applied prior to crop emergence was rye>clover>vetch. In 1981, all residual treatments except cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} alone prior to crop emergence provided better than 80% control of annual weeds. In subsequent years only systems that included applications prior to crop emergence and postemergence-directed herbicides provided acceptable control. From 1981 to 1983, annual grasses increased 20- to 100-fold for systems in which control was poor. Weed control was generally superior in conventional tillage. Vetch adversely affected cotton stands in all 3 yr. Also, in 1982, reduced cotton stands resulted from cyanazine treatments applied prior to crop emergence in clover, vetch, and fallow. Cotton yields were affected by cover dessication, annual weed control, and cotton stands. Buildup of annual weeds reduced yields to near zero for some treatments in 1983.

Tank-mix Combinations for Weed Control in Stale Seedbed Soybean (Glycine max)

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacey A. Bruff ◽  
David R. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Hemp Sesbania

Field experiments were established in 1989 and 1990 on silty clay and sandy loam soils to evaluate selective herbicides in combination with non-selective weed control measures in conventional and stale seedbed soybean production. Metribuzin PRE followed by chlorimuron POST controlled sicklepod better with paraquat than with glyphosate. A POST application of imazaquin increased sicklepod and pitted morningglory control by imazaquin PRE alone in a stale seedbed or tillage program. Pitted morningglory control with imazaquin PRE was lower with tillage than with glyphosate or paraquat combinations in a stale seedbed program. All metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE treatments, whether conventional tillage or stale seedbed, controlled pitted morningglory more than 75%. Hemp sesbania control was above 80% with all metribuzin followed by chlorimuron or metribuzin plus chlorimuron PRE combinations, and less than 70% with all treatments containing imazaquin. Selective herbicides increased yield in stale seedbed when glyphosate or paraquat was added. Imazaquin PRE, imazaquin PRE followed by imazaquin POST, and metribuzin PRE followed by chlorimuron POST tank mixed with glyphosate or paraquat in a stale seedbed program increased yield compared with the same treatments used with tillage.

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