Aprovechamiento de flora apícola en dos colmenares localizados en los cantones La Concordia y Mocache, Ecuador

Introducción. Antes de planificar actividades de manejo que permitan incrementar la producción apícola, es necesario datos de los elementos florísticos que integran los sistemas de uso de la tierra adyacentes a los colmenares, en esta ocasión para dos unidades productivas de las zonas 4 y 5 de Ecuador. Objetivos. Reconocer especies vegetales con potencial apícola, y estimar su abundancia más la durabilidad de la floración. Metodología. Con el empleo de los métodos: documental, y de campo, para el reconocimiento taxonómico de plantas melíferas, su cantidad, más el monitoreo del florecimiento de cada especie apícola. El análisis estadístico con la aplicación de la prueba de Mann Whitney a las variables abundancia y durabilidad de la floración. Resultados. Las principales familias botánicas con especies nectaríferas y poliníferas en los sitios de estudio son; Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Asteraceae y Capparaceae. Para el Colmenar C1 son 14 especies, pertenecientes a 12 familias, por su parte para el colmenar C2 con 22 especies, pertenecientes a 14 familias botánicas. La oferta del recurso floral tiene un comportamiento similar de abundancia de plantas entre los colmenares C1 y C2 a pesar de poseer mayor cantidad de especies con potencial apícola el colmenar C2, lo cual obedece al manejo que se aplica a las áreas que integran los diferentes sistemas de uso del suelo de cada predio. Conclusión. Finalmente, la duración de las flores de las especies que ofertan alimento a las abejas de los colmenares C1 y C2 oscila de 1 a 12 meses durante el año 2020 con predominancia para el colmenar C1 de Cordia alliodora, Erythrina edulis, Senna alata, Inga edulis, Persea americana, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Piper aduncum, y Cestrum racemosum que florecen entre 10 a 12 meses. En cambio, en el colmenar C2; Tridax procumbens, Pelargonium sp, y Hydrangea sp florecen durante todo el año.

Analisis Komposisi Serbuk Arang Karamunting (Melastoma Malabathricum) Dengan Serbuk Arang Sirih Hutan (Piper Aduncum) Terhadap Kualitas Briket Arang

Pertambahan penduduk yang semakin meningkat menimbulkan kekhawatiran akan terjadi kelangkaan bahan bakar akibat peningkatan kebutuhan bahan bakar di masa yang akan datang. Biomassa berpotensi menjadi sumber energi alternatif ditengah terbatasnya cadangan energi fosil. Briket arang adalah salah satu sumber energi alternatif berbasis biomassa (tumbuhan) yang dapat mendukung pemenuhan kebutuhan energi, membuka lapangan kerja serta emisi yang relatif ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari kombinasi komposisi terbaik campuran arang Karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum) dan Sirih Hutan (Piper aduncum) terhadap kualitas briket arang. Proses pengarangan menggunakan tungku pengarangan dengan metode tidak langsung. Pola penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan yaitu (A) komposisi 100% Karamunting dan 0% Sirih Hutan, (B) 75% Karamunting dan 25% Sirih Hutan, (C) 50% Karamunting dan 50% Sirih Hutan, (D) 25% Karamunting dan 75% Sirih Hutan, serta (E) 0% Karamunting dan 100% Sirih Hutan. Perlakuan terbaik terhadap kualitas briket arang perlakuan A (100% karamunting) dengan nilai kerapatan 0,666 g/cm3, kadar air 3,697%, keteguhan tekan 15,079 kg/cm2, kadar zat mudah menguap 16,70%, kadar abu 7,30%, kadar karbon terikat 76,00% dan kalor 6.807,33 kal/g. Briket arangdengan campuran serbuk arang karamunting 75% dan sirih hutan 25% adalah komposisi campuran terbaik dengan sifat kualitas briket arang; kerapatan 0,664 g/cm3, kadar air 4,521%, uji tekan 14,559kg/cm2, kadar zat mudah menguap 18,3,7%, kadar abu 7,80%, karbon terikat 72,90%, dan nilai kalor 6.556,66 kal/g.

EFICÁCIA DE EXTRATOS VEGETAIS NO CONTROLE DE Amblyomma cajennense (FABRICIUS, 1787) - ACARI: IXODIDAE

O carrapato Amblyomma cajennense é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas na pecuária bovina, principalmente nas raças de origem européia, predominantes no Sul do Brasil. Seu controle nas regiões tropicais representa um desafio devido à rápida proliferação e a resistência dos parasitas aos produtos convencionais, estimulando a busca por alternativas menos tóxicas de controle. Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar a utilização de extratos de plantas como alternativas para carrapaticidas sintéticos. A metodologia utilizada foi realização de destilação simples dos materiais vegetais. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelos grupos controle negativo, água destilada e positivo, além da solução de extratos de A. occidentale, P. aduncum e M. citrifolia. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade do erro. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída de cinco indivíduos de A. cajennense. Para avaliar o efeito dos extratos brutos dos vegetais, foram utilizados todos os indivíduos vivos de A. cajennense coletados e classificados taxonomicamente. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que, os tratamentos mais eficientes foram: Anacardium occidentale L. e Piper aduncum L. que apresentaram eficiência de 80% e 90%, respectivamente. Porém, a eficiência mais baixa foi do Morinda citrifolia L. (20%). Os testes indicaram que Piper aduncum e Anacardium occidentale L. podem, portanto, reduzir a quantidade de carrapatos em um sistema de produção orgânica.

Primary metabolism and initial development of grafted black pepper seedlings

The production of black pepper seedlings through grafting is a promising strategy to mitigate the effect of environmental stresses, such as drought, that limit its cultivation. However, studies on compatibility between grafts and rootstocks are still scarce, especially considering the wild species of the genus Piper and the cultivated genotypes of black pepper. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between primary metabolism and the development of black pepper seedlings obtained through intra- and interspecific grafting. The method used was that of cleft lateral grafting, as graft the Bragantina cultivar, better known in the world as ‘Panniyur 1’, and ‘Kottanadan’ cultivar and three wild species (Piper hispidum, Piper aduncum and Piper tuberculatum) were used as root-stock. As a control, ´Bragantina` was grafted onto itself (homograft). The experiment was carried out for 110 days and the seedlings were evaluated for development, gas exchange, and carbohydrate allocation. The rootstock influences the development and primary metabolism of seedlings. P. aduncum showed greater initial compatibility among wild species, due to less impediment to carbohydrate flow. P. tuberculatum showed early incompatibility, as the grafts died. The seedlings grafted on P. hispidum and 'Kottanadan' had initial compatibility with an average of 78% survival and 60% budding, but they may have late incompatibility due to limitation of carbohydrate flow.

Evaluación preliminar de 10 plantas medicinales del Valle del Mantaro mediante el método cualitativo (fitoquímico) para uso farmacéutico

Objetivo: Determinar preliminarmente 10 plantas medicinales del Valle del Mantaro mediante el método cualitativo (fitoquímico) para uso farmacéutico. Material y Métodos: Cualitativo (fitoquímico) para uso farmacéutico. Resultados: La actividad farmacognósicas de las plantas medicinales son utilizadas en el Valle del Mantaro: Xanthium spinosum (Juan alonso) como antitumoral y anticancerígena, Equisetum arvense (Cola de caballo) como osteoporosis, coagulación sanguínea Mentha sativa L (Hierba buena) para el nerviosismo, Rumex crispus L. (Cuturrumasa) como antiinflamatorio, Piper aduncum (Matico) como antiviral, Centauriun erythraea Rafn. (Canchalagua) como antitumorales, antidiabéticas, Schinus molle (Molle) como antirreumático, Psoralea glandulosaxonomía (Culen) como hipoglucemiente, Minthostachys mollis (Inca muña) como antireumático y acción carminativa, Taraxacum officinale (Diente de león) como hipoglucemiante. Conclusiones: De acuerdo al análisis fitoquímico de las plantas, confirman la actividad farmacológica para el uso medicinal: Xanthium spinosum (Juan Alonso), Equisetum arvense (Cola de caballo), Mentha sativa L. (Hierba buena), Rumex crispus L. (Cuturrumasa), Piper aduncum (Matico), Centauriun erythraea Rafn (Canchalagua), Schinus molle (Molle), Psoralea glandulosaxonomía (Culen), Minthostachys mollis (Inca Muña) y Taraxacum officinale (Diente de León). El uso de las plantas medicinales en el Valle del Mantaro por sus metabolitos secundarios pueden asociarse a prometedoras actividades medicinales como: antitumorales, anticancerígenos, osteoporosis, antiviral, antidiabéticas, antirreumático; siendo candidatos para estudios con mayor profundidad fitoquímica y farmacobiólogica.

Influence of drying on the chemical composition and bioactivity of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) essential oil against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Piper species are producers of essential oils with high yield and promising chemical composition for both perfumery and the pharmaceutical industry. They present bioactivity against pathogens and against insect pests, whether agricultural or medical, such as Aedes aegypti, for example, a vector of arboviruses with a high incidence in tropical and subtropical regions. In this study, an investigation was carried out to elucidate the chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves and inflorescences of Piper aduncum collected in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Evaluating the interference of the drying process on yield, chemical composition and larvicide potential against Ae. aegypti. Leaves and inflorescences of P. aduncum were collected in the rural area of the municipality of Iporá-GO. Fresh and dried samples were processed separately and subjected to hydrodistillation for two hours. The oil obtained was qualitatively evaluated by gas-coupled chromatography and mass spectrometry. Greater yield was observed in samples submitted to the drying process. Oils obtained from fresh samples had a higher percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons. Variation was observed between the major components of samples of fresh leaves and inflorescences, with eupatoriochrome being the major component in dried samples. Larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti was considered promising (LC50<100µg/mL) in all samples. The results obtained showed a chemical composition different from that generally presented by P. aduncum. This reinforces the idea of intraspecific variability of essential oils and the need for chemical evaluation between samples even if they belong to the same species.

Species of white-tailed forest rats hunted and traded, their conservation status and habitat characteristics, in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Laatung S, Fuah AM, Masy’ud B, Sumantri C, Salundik. 2021. Species of white-tailed forest rats hunted and traded, their conservation status and habitat characteristics, in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2778-2784. The tradition of hunting and trading white-tailed forest rats, especially in North Sulawesi, has been practiced for generations. This poses a threat to the existence of these animals in their natural habitat leading to the extinction of some hunted species. In the past, studies on white-tailed rats being hunted and traded on Sulawesi is still lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the species of white-tailed forest rats hunted and traded, their conservation status and habitat characteristics in North Sulawesi. This study was conducted in April to June 2018 in Minahasa and Bolaang Mongondow District, North Sulawesi. The survey methods used involved visiting hunters, recording and taking pictures of the species of rats being hunted and traded. All samples of white-tailed rats were identified in the Zoological Laboratory, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Cibinong Bogor, West Java. Furthermore, ascertaining the general characteristics of the habitat was carried out using a general survey in locations known as distribution areas in North Sulawesi. The identification of 125 individuals consists of 8 species of white-tailed forest rats from 7 genera, which are commonly hunted. They include Rattus xanthurus (Gray, 1867), Bunomy fratrorum (Thomas, 1896), Lenomys meyeri (Jentink, 1879), Paruromys dominator (Thomas, 1921), Echiotrix leucura (Gray, 1879), Taeromys taerae (Sody, 1932), Maxomys hellwaldi (Jentink, 1879) and Maxomys musschenbrooki (Jentink, 1878). Four out of the eight species of white-tailed forest rats are protected species according to the IUCN Redlist. The white-tailed forest rats identified in this study, were caught in secondary forest and plantation, ranging from an altitude of 500 - 1.500 meters above sea level. Their main sources of feed include Areca catechu, Piper aduncum, Ficus spp., and Arenga piñnata.

Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils From Piper Species Against Strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Resistant to Pyrethroids

The continuous and indiscriminate use of insecticides has been responsible for the emergence of insecticide resistant vector insect populations, especially in Aedes aegypti. Thus, it is urgent to find natural insecticide compounds with novel mode of action for vector control. The goal of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of essential oils (EOs) from Piper species against A. aegypti characterized as resistant and susceptible strains to pyrethroids. The EOs from leaves of 10 Piper species were submitted to the evaluation of larvicidal activity in populations of A. aegypti in agreement with the (World Health Organization, 2005) guidelines. The resistance of the strains characterized by determining the lethal concentrations (LCs) with the insecticide deltamethrin (positive control). The major compounds of the EOs from Piper species was identified by GC-MS. The EOs from Piper aduncum, P. marginatum, P. gaudichaudianum, P. crassinervium, and P. arboreum showed activity of up to 90% lethality at 100 ppm (concentration for screening). The activities of the EOs from these 6 species showed similar LCs in both susceptible strain (Rockefeller) and resistant strains (Pampulha and Venda Nova) to pyrethroids. The major compounds identified in the most active EO were available commercially and included β-Asarone, (E)-Anethole, (E)-β-Caryophyllene, γ-Terpinene, p-Cymene, Limonene, α-Pinene, and β-Pinene. Dillapiole was purified by from EO of P. aduncum. The phenylpropanoids [Dillapiole, (E)-Anethole and β-Asarone] and monoterpenes (γ-Terpinene, p-Cymene, Limonene, α-Pinene, and β-Pinene) showed larvicidal activity with mortality between 90 and 100% and could account for the toxicity of these EOs, but the sesquiterpene (E)-β-Caryophyllene, an abundant component in the EOs of P. hemmendorffii and P. crassinervium, did not show activity on the three populations of A. aegypti larvae at a concentration of 100 ppm. These results indicate that Piper's EOs should be further evaluated as a potential larvicide, against strains resistant to currently used pesticides, and the identification of phenylpropanoids and monoterpenes as the active compounds open the possibility to study their mechanism of action.