Nationalization and Privatization: A Rational-Choice Perspective on Efficiency

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen M. Pint
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the use of nationalization and privatization policies to redistribute costs and benefits among interest groups, using a rational-choice framework. The major cases considered are the post-war nationalizations and the current wave of privatizations in the United Kingdom, plus France and the United States. The analysis indicates that governments tend to redistribute benefits to more concentrated interest groups, such as organized labor or shareholders, and to impose costs on more diffuse groups, such as consumers and taxpayers. This type of redistribution is often economically inefficient, but politically efficient for the party in power. Policy design is also influenced by the ease with which policies can be changed by future governments within the prevailing political institutions.

Gestalt Therapy in Theory and in Practice

1984 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Tillett
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gestalt Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Practice ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War ◽  
Growth Movement

Gestalt therapy was developed by Frederick (Fritz) Perls, (1893–1970), a German psychoanalyst originally trained in the Freudian tradition; he left Germany in the 1930's for South Africa and emigrated to the United States in the immediate post-war years. Despite the publication of his book “Gestalt Therapy—Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality” (Perls, Hefferline and Goodman, 1950) his work remained relatively little known until Gestalt Therapy was taken up enthusiastically by the growth movement in the early 1960's. Although it is widely regarded as an established therapy in the United States, Gestalt remains relatively little known in the United Kingdom and there are probably few psychiatrists who are familiar with its theory and techniques. This paper is intended to present an introduction to Gestalt Therapy together with some idea of its application in clinical psychiatric practice.

scholarly journals An Examination of American Diplomacy During the Tehran and Yalta Conferences

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ariel Davis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Post War

Since the end of World War II, the United States has been a leading proponent of liberal internationalism and Western democratic values around the world. Modern historians generally agree that the post-war order, which produced multi-national institutions and promoted democracy, free trade, and peace, was largely shaped by the United States and the other two Allied powers, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. This paper explains how the Tehran and Yalta Conferences served as early examples of President Franklin Roosevelt’s vision for international cooperation and American global leadership. Specifically, this essay analyzes how Roosevelt used these conferences to unite the other Allied powers in an effort to end World War II and establish the foundations for the liberal international post war order. To demonstrate the significance of these conferences and their role in the development of the liberal post-war order, conference minutes between the leaders of the Allied powers and their respective foreign policy experts are analyzed. Academic writings from military and international historians are also used to evaluate the execution and outcomes of the agreements reached during these conferences.

A Formerly Great Britain

2018 ◽  
pp. 42-62
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Itzkowitz Shifrinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Policy ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Post War ◽  
The U.S

Chapters 2 and 3 examine the U.S. and Soviet response to the decline of the United Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1940s. Chapter 2 first reviews the course of the United Kingdom’s decline in the early post-war period, and details efforts by the United States and Soviet Union to assess Britain’s changing relative position. Subsequently, it discusses the existing literature on U.S. and Soviet policy toward Great Britain, and relates this work to the alternative arguments discussion in the Introduction. From there, it uses extensive archival research to derive predictions of U.S. and Soviet strategy in light of predation theory. These predictions are evaluated against the alternative arguments in Chapter 3.

Relief and Rehabilitation Organization

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
European Central ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
Technical Advisory Committee ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up

The first formal action by the Allied Governments in considering the problem of reconstruction of the disrupted transport system of Europe's devastated areas was taken in October, 1942, when the Inter-Allied Committee on Post-war Requirements set up a Technical Advisory Committee on Inland Transport, with Professor E. R. Hondelink of the Netherlands as chairman. On November 18, 1942, the Hondelink Committee held its first meeting in London, with representatives present from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The work of the Committee consisted of 1) the preparation of estimates of requirements of equipment for the rehabilitation of inland waterways, railways, and ports against estimated movements of military and relief materials, and 2) the planning of an organization to expedite the movement of relief and priority traffic in post-war Europe. As a result of this work, the basis was laid for the eventual Agreement establishing the European Central Inland Transport Organization.

LGBTQ Politics in Anglo-American Democracies

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Miriam Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Gay Liberation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Citizenship ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter surveys LGBTQ politics in the Anglo-American democracies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Political change has followed a somewhat similar trajectory from the decriminalization of same-sex conduct through struggles over discrimination in areas such as employment to the recognition of same-sex relationships and families. From the emergence of gay liberation in the late 1960s to the marriage equality movements of the 2000s, LGBTQ communities have increasingly lived in the open and pushed for full sexual and political citizenship. In the Anglo-American democracies, same-sex conduct is no longer criminal, discrimination in key areas such as employment is banned, and some form of same-sex relationship recognition exists. At the same time, however, progress in the recognition of queer rights has been uneven, with the United States failing to prohibit employment discrimination and Australia only recently providing legal recognition of same-sex marriage. This chapter discusses the intersection of social movement activism and political institutions in these cases, exploring the role of political mobilization and litigation by LGBTQ movements. In doing so, it identifies some of the key factors that have facilitated and impeded the process of legal and policy change for LGBTQ communities across this group of countries including political institutional factors, partisan electoral dynamics, and the role of religion and public opinion.

The Dream Machine

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Katy Hull
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
The United States ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
Corporate State

This chapter focuses on the fascist sympathizers' accounts of the destruction of democracy and the creation of the corporate state in Italy. In the late 1920s, Herbert Schneider, Richard Washburn Child, Anne O'Hare McCormick, and Generoso Pope presented a three-part argument about democracy and political reform in Italy and the United States. First, they harked back to the time of a multiparty system in Italy to imply a cautionary tale for the United States. Even if American democracy had not sunk to the same nadir as Italian democracy, a lack of congressional expertise, the rise of special interest groups, and popular disillusionment meant that it was experiencing similar symptoms of decay, they suggested. Second, they insisted that, through the corporate state, the fascist government had adapted political institutions to contemporary exigencies, enabling expert and efficient management of economic problems, and advancing policies in the direction of the general good. Last, these observers argued that the United States, too, needed to look beyond its preexisting institutions of government to create a state that was adept at dealing with the problems of modernity. They used fascist Italy to transport Americans to a different place, where policies were better managed, and the government was more popular, than in the United States.

Institutions, Interests, and Ideology in Economic Policy in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

1994 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-176
Author(s):  
N C Thomas
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Governmental Institutions

In previous research on economic policy in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, the author found that the primary determinant of economic policies and their outcomes appeared to be powerful organized interest groups, with differences in governmental institutions having little apparent impact. The ideologies of Thatcherism and Reaganism contributed to the reduction of the role of government and established conservative agendas, but left their postwar welfare state programs intact. This study of economic policymaking in the three countries since the mid-1980s confirms the ‘new institutionalist’ position in political science that institutions—government organizations, political parties, and electoral systems—do matter. Interest groups are also crucial, but they are not as determinative as previously argued. Ideology can be critical, but the influence of ideology is neither pervasive nor continuous. Strong, forceful, goal-directed leadership can also play a vital role.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

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