6.16 Some Advances in Clinical Biochemistry Relating to Trace Metals

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 149-150
Author(s):  
C. H. McMurray ◽  
W. J. Blanchflower ◽  
P. J. McParland ◽  
D. G. O'Neill ◽  
D. A. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Clinical Biochemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Phenylene Diamine

The clinical signs of copper (Cu) deficiency are largely non-specific and a number of laboratory tests have been used extensively to assist in diagnosis. Among these are whole blood, plasma and serum Cu and caeruloplasmin (McMurray, 1980). However, for any marker to be useful diagnostically, it is necessary to identify any factors which can affect it. Plasma and serum Cu are not equivalent but are related by the equation:Serum Cu (mg/l) = 11.7 + 0.66 plasma Cu (mg/l). The regression was obtained from the means of 24 groups of suckler cows and calves (> 10 animals/group). The equivalent relationship between serum and plasma caeruloplasmin is:Serum caeruloplasmin = 0.0018+ 0.59 plasma caeruloplasmin.Units of caeruloplasmin are absorbance units in the phenylene diamine assay.Thus, the range of normality will depend on the sample being used for the assay. The reduction in serum values is due to the loss of caeruloplasmin during blood clotting.

Snake envenomation: is the 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) the optimum test for management?

QJM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
A A Dsilva ◽  
A Basheer ◽  
K Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
World Health ◽  
Observer Variability ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Inter Observer Variability ◽  
Bedside Test

Abstract Background The 20 min whole blood clotting test (WBCT20) is a simple bedside test recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) to assess hemotoxic envenomation and guide administration of polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV). However, reliability and validity of this test has not been well documented in literature. Methods Sixty consecutive patients with history of snake bite were prospectively evaluated at a teaching hospital in India over 2 years. Envenomation was established by clinical and laboratory criteria. WBCT20 was done at 0, 4 and 12 h using standardized protocol. Prothrombin time (PT) with international normalized ratio (INR) was estimated at similar intervals to detect venom-induced consumption coagulopathy. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios (LR) were determined for WBCT20 using envenomation criteria as gold standard. WBCT20 was compared with PT/INR at cutoff values of ≥1.4 and ≥1.2. Two observers performed test–retest correlation to determine inter-observer variability of WBCT20. Results   Seventeen of 60 patients had evidence of hemotoxic envenomation. Four patients had combined neurotoxicity and hemotoxicity. Sensitivity and specificity of WBCT20 were 94 and 76%; positive and negative LR were 3.9 and 0.08, respectively. No inter-observer variability was noted. Conclusions WBCT20 is a highly sensitive test with excellent reliability for detecting envenomation. However, the false positive rate in this study was 24%. Asymptomatic snake bite patients with a positive WBCT20 but no corresponding clinical signs of envenomation should be tested using PT/INR before receiving ASV to prevent unnecessary waste of anti-venom.

Comparison of Thrombelastography with Common Coagulation Tests

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (04) ◽  
pp. 752-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Zuckerman ◽  
E Cohen ◽  
J P Vagher ◽  
E Woodward ◽  
J A Caprini
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Coagulation Tests ◽  
Common Laboratory

SummaryThrombelastography, although proven as a useful research tool has not been evaluated for its clinical utility against common coagulation laboratory tests. In this study we compare the thrombelastographic measurements with six common tests (the hematocrit, platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated thromboplastin time and fibrin split products). For such comparisons, two samples of subjects were selected, 141 normal volunteers and 121 patients with cancer. The data was subjected to various statistical techniques such as correlation, ANOVA, canonical and discriminant analysis to measure the extent of the correlations between the two sets of variables and their relative strength to detect blood clotting abnormalities. The results indicate that, although there is a strong relationship between the thrombelastographic variables and these common laboratory tests, the thrombelastographic variables contain additional information on the hemostatic process.

The Haemocompatibility of Biomaterials In Vitro: Investigations on the Mechanism of the Whole-blood Clot Formation Test

1992 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Groth ◽  
Katrin Derdau ◽  
Frank Strietzel ◽  
Frank Foerster ◽  
Hartmut Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Contact Activation ◽  
Human Fibrinogen ◽  
Static Conditions

Twenty years ago Imai & Nose introduced a whole-blood clotting test for the estimation of haemocompatibility of biomaterials in vitro In our paper a modification of this assay is described and the mechanism of clot formation further elucidated. It was found that neither the inhibition of platelet function nor the removal of platelets from blood significantly changed the clot formation rate on glass and polyvinyl chloride in comparison to the rate tor whole blood. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that platelets were not involved in clot formation near the blood/biomaterial interface. Thus, it was concluded that the system of contact activation of the coagulation cascade dominates during clot formation under static conditions. The latter conclusion was supported by the fact that preadsorption of human serum albumin or human fibrinogen onto the glass plates used, decreased the clot formation rate in the same manner.

Comparison of whole blood, plasma and nails as monitors for the dietary intake of selenium

1998 ◽  
Vol 236 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Mason ◽  
J. S. Morris ◽  
V. L. Spate ◽  
C. K. Baskett ◽  
T. A. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Whole Blood

scholarly journals Effect of the cholesterol content of small unilamellar liposomes on their stability in vivo and in vitro

1980 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Kirby ◽  
Jacqui Clarke ◽  
Gregory Gregoriadis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Positively Charged

Small unilamellar neutral, negatively and positively charged liposomes composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, various amounts of cholesterol and, when appropriate, phosphatidic acid or stearylamine and containing 6-carboxyfluorescein were injected into mice, incubated with mouse whole blood, plasma or serum or stored at 4°C. Liposomal stability, i.e. the extent to which 6-carboxyfluorescein is retained by liposomes, was dependent on their cholesterol content. (1) Cholesterol-rich (egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 7:7 molar ratio) liposomes, regardless of surface charge, remained stable in the blood of intravenously injected animals for up to at least 400min. In addition, stability of cholesterol-rich liposomes was largely maintained in vitro in the presence of whole blood, plasma or serum for at least 90min. (2) Cholesterol-poor (egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, 7:2 molar ratio) or cholesterol-free (egg phosphatidylcholine) liposomes lost very rapidly (at most within 2min) much of their stability after intravenous injection or upon contact with whole blood, plasma or serum. Whole blood and to some extent plasma were less detrimental to stability than was serum. (3) After intraperitoneal injection, neutral cholesterol-rich liposomes survived in the peritoneal cavity to enter the blood circulation in their intact form. Liposomes injected intramuscularly also entered the circulation, although with somewhat diminished stability. (4) Stability of neutral and negatively charged cholesterol-rich liposomes stored at 4°C was maintained for several days, and by 53 days it had declined only moderately. Stored liposomes retained their unilamellar structure and their ability to remain stable in the blood after intravenous injection. (5) Control of liposomal stability by adjusting their cholesterol content may help in the design of liposomes for effective use in biological systems in vivo and in vitro.

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