scholarly journals He said, she said: effects of bilingualism on cross-talker word recognition in infancy

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 498-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEHER SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Language Input ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Talker Variation

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to examine effects of bilingual language input on infant word segmentation and on talker generalization. In the present study, monolingually and bilingually exposed infants were compared on their abilities to recognize familiarized words in speech and to maintain generalizable representations of familiarized words. Words were first presented in the context of sentences to infants and then presented to infants in isolation during a test phase. During test, words were produced by a talker of the same gender and by a talker of the opposite gender. Results demonstrated that both bilingual and monolingual infants were able to recognize familiarized words to a comparable degree. Moreover, both bilingual and monolingual infants recognized words in spite of talker variation. Results demonstrated robust word recognition and talker generalization in monolingual and bilingual infants at 8 months of age.

scholarly journals Infants Segment Words from Songs—An EEG Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke M. Snijders ◽  
Titia Benders ◽  
Paula Fikkert
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Familiarity Effect ◽  
Continuous Speech ◽  
Phonetic Information ◽  
Children's Songs ◽  
Target Words

Children’s songs are omnipresent and highly attractive stimuli in infants’ input. Previous work suggests that infants process linguistic–phonetic information from simplified sung melodies. The present study investigated whether infants learn words from ecologically valid children’s songs. Testing 40 Dutch-learning 10-month-olds in a familiarization-then-test electroencephalography (EEG) paradigm, this study asked whether infants can segment repeated target words embedded in songs during familiarization and subsequently recognize those words in continuous speech in the test phase. To replicate previous speech work and compare segmentation across modalities, infants participated in both song and speech sessions. Results showed a positive event-related potential (ERP) familiarity effect to the final compared to the first target occurrences during both song and speech familiarization. No evidence was found for word recognition in the test phase following either song or speech. Comparisons across the stimuli of the present and a comparable previous study suggested that acoustic prominence and speech rate may have contributed to the polarity of the ERP familiarity effect and its absence in the test phase. Overall, the present study provides evidence that 10-month-old infants can segment words embedded in songs, and it raises questions about the acoustic and other factors that enable or hinder infant word segmentation from songs and speech.

scholarly journals In-group, out-group effects in distributional preferences: the case of gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarek Jaber-Lopez ◽  
Alexandra Baier ◽  
Brent J. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Equivalence Test ◽  
Distributional Preferences ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Gender Interactions ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Group Effects

AbstractWe examine gender differences when eliciting distributional preferences as conducted by the Equality Equivalence Test, which has the ability to classify subjects into preferences types. Preferences are elicited when individuals interact with an individual of the same gender and with an individual of the opposite gender. We find elicited preferences are robust across both in-group (same gender) and out-group (opposite gender) interactions. When analyzing the intensity of benevolence (or malevolence) we find that overall women exhibit more malevolence than men, but there is no gender difference for benevolence. Furthermore, women exhibit a higher level of in-group favoritism than men.

scholarly journals Intrauterine testosterone exposure and risk for disordered eating

2009 ◽  
Vol 194 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica H. Baker ◽  
Paul Lichtenstein ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
Prenatal Testosterone ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Opposite Gender

SummaryPrevious research has suggested that prenatal testosterone exposure masculinises disordered eating by comparing opposite- and same-gender twins. The objective of the current study is to replicate this finding using a sample of 439 identical and 213 fraternal females, 461 identical and 344 fraternal males, and 361 males and 371 females from opposite-gender twin pairs. Disordered eating was compared across twin types using the Eating Disorder Inventory–2. Inconsistent with previous findings, a main effect of co-twin gender was not found. Our results raise questions about the validity of prior evidence of the impact of prenatal testosterone exposure on patterns of disordered eating.

scholarly journals Recites fidelity detection system of al-Kautsar verse based on words using mel frequency cepstrum coefficients and cosine similarity

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
Jans Hendry ◽  
Aditya Rachman ◽  
Dodi Zulherman
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Test Word ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Cosine Similarity ◽  
Feature Extraction Method ◽  
Similarity Method

In this study, a system has been developed to help detect the accuracy of the reading of the Koran in the Surah Al-Kautsar based on the accuracy of the number and pronunciation of words in one complete surah. This system is very dependent on the accuracy of word segmentation based on envelope signals. The feature extraction method used was Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients (MFCC), while the Cosine Similarity method was used to detect the accuracy of the reading. From 60 data, 30 data were used for training, while the rest were for testing. From each of the 30 training and test data, 15 data were correct readings, and 15 other data were incorrect readings. System accuracy was measured by word-for-word recognition, which results in 100 % of recall and 98.96 % of precision for the training word data, and 100 % of recall and 99.65 % of precision for the test word data. For the overall reading of the surah, there were 15 correct readings and 14 incorrect readings that were recognized correctly.

Processing Continuous Speech in Infancy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Goyet ◽  
Séverine Millotte ◽  
Anne Christophe ◽  
Thierry Nazzi
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Speech Segmentation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Early Language Development ◽  
Early Use ◽  
Prosodic Boundary ◽  
Transitional Probabilities

The present chapter focuses on fluent speech segmentation abilities in early language development. We first review studies exploring the early use of major prosodic boundary cues which allow infants to cut full utterances into smaller-sized sequences like clauses or phrases. We then summarize studies showing that word segmentation abilities emerge around 8 months, and rely on infants’ processing of various bottom-up word boundary cues and top-down known word recognition cues. Given that most of these cues are specific to the language infants are acquiring, we emphasize how the development of these abilities varies cross-linguistically, and explore their developmental origin. In particular, we focus on two cues that might allow bootstrapping of these abilities: transitional probabilities and rhythmic units.

Pretend Play and Social Competence in Peer Play Groups of Five-Year-Old Boys and Girls

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1255-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Choi ◽  
Jung Ae Ohm
Keyword(s):  
Social Competence ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Peer Play ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Preschool Students ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Play Groups ◽  
Play Group ◽  
Mixed Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender

We examined the associations among different types of pretend play in peer play groups, as well as the associations between pretend play with peer play groups and children's social competence. Participants were 87 Korean preschool students (42 boys, 45 girls). We observed the participants' pretend play with same-gender, opposite-gender, and mixed-gender peers, and both teachers and peers provided assessments of the children's social competence. Analyses revealed that pretend play with the same-gender peer play group was negatively associated with those of the opposite- and mixed-gender peer play group for boys, whereas it was positively associated for girls. For both boys and girls, social competence as measured by opposite-gender peers was negatively associated with pretend play in the same-gender peer play group. Social competence as measured by teachers was significantly negatively associated with pretend play with mixed-gender peers for girls.

School Engagement and Achievement in Sibling Pairs: Gender and Birth Order Matter

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa M. Troesch ◽  
Thomas Ledermann ◽  
Joseph W. Jones ◽  
Alexander Grob
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Older Siblings

School engagement has been shown to be a strong predictor for school achievement. Previous studies have focused on the role of individual and contextual factors to explain school achievement, with few examining the role of siblings. This study used data of 451 adolescent sibling pairs from the Iowa Youth and Families Project to investigate the associations between school engagement and achievement in siblings by considering gender composition and birth order. Data were collected in families’ home and obtained for a target child in the 7th grade and for a sibling within 4 years of age. Average age of younger siblings (55% female) was 11.56 (SD = 1.27), while older siblings (49% female) had an average age of 13.92 (SD = 1.47). Using the two-member, four-group actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), results showed that older siblings’ engagement was positively related with younger siblings’ achievement in same-gender sibling pairs, but not in sibling pairs of opposite gender. Younger siblings’ engagement was independent of older siblings’ achievement regardless of siblings’ gender. Implications for parents and professionals suggest that support for older siblings could also benefit younger siblings in same gender pairs.

scholarly journals Individual differences in 7.5-month-olds’ novel word segmentation from maternal and unfamiliar voices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Steffi Schreiner ◽  
Nivedita Mani
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Listening Behavior ◽  
Maternal Speech ◽  
Mother’S Voice

Starting in the mother’s womb, language learning benefits from maternal speech exposure (DeCasper & Spence, 1986). In addition, maternal speech has been shown to facilitate discrimination of speech from background noise (Barker & Newman, 2004). In line with this boost in learning through the mother’s voice, the current study explores whether maternal speech also facilitates infants’ word segmentation, familiarizing infants to passages produced either by their own mother or an unfamiliar speaker. The test phase with isolated tokens of familiarized and novel control words revealed that infants were unable to demonstrate successful segmentation regardless of whether the speaker was their own mother or a stranger. However, further exploratory analyses suggested that familiarization impacted infants’ listening behavior with successful segmentation from maternal speech. Together, these results demonstrate that a) individual differences in infants’ listening behavior are related to their listening times during familiarization, and b) infants benefit from maternal fluent speech.

Effects of Prior Phonotactic Knowledge on Infant Word Segmentation: The Case of Nonadjacent Dependencies

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 840-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayeli Gonzalez-Gomez ◽  
Thierry Nazzi
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Head Turn ◽  
Fluent Speech ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Nonadjacent Dependencies ◽  
New Evidence

Purpose In this study, the authors explored whether French-learning infants use nonadjacent phonotactic regularities in their native language, which they learn between the ages of 7 and 10 months, to segment words from fluent speech. Method Two groups of 20 French-learning infants were tested using the head-turn preference procedure at 10 and 13 months of age. In Experiment 1, infants were familiarized with 2 passages: 1 containing a target word with a frequent nonadjacent phonotactic structure and the other containing a target word with an infrequent nonadjacent phonotactic structure in French. During the test phase, infants were presented with 4 word lists: 2 containing the target words presented during familiarization and 2 other control words with the same phonotactic structure. In Experiment 2, the authors retested infants' ability to segment words with the infrequent phonotactic structure. Results Ten- and 13-month-olds were able to segment words with the frequent phonotactic structure, but it is only by 13 months, and only under the circumstances of Experiment 2, that infants could segment words with the infrequent phonotactic structure. Conclusion These results provide new evidence showing that infant word segmentation is influenced by prior nonadjacent phonotactic knowledge.

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