THE TABOO OF PRECEDING SISTER IN MARRY: A MINANGKABAU SOCIO CULTURE ANALYSIS

Ideally in the family, the order of marriage starts from the eldest child. Then followed by the second child, the third child and so on. But the reality is different. There are many cases that the youngest child preceded the older brother or sister in marry. In many areas, stepping over older siblings in marriage is commonplace. It doesn't matter whether the one who gets married is a man or woman. However, in Tabu Baraie Nagari Paninjauan Tanah Datar, stepping over an older siblings in marriage is taboo, in particular an older sister. It is forbidden for a sister or brother to step over her/his older sister in marriage. Generally, the older sister who is stepped on by her sister's marriage, her life is single. The aims of this study was to determine the origin of the taboo to step over the marriage of older sisters in a sociological study.Keywords: marriage, stepping over the marriage, older sister.

The Effect of Older Sibling, Postnatal Maternal Stress, and Household Factors on Language Development in Two- to Four-Year-Old Children

Previous literature has shown that family structure affects language development. Here, factors relating to older siblings (their presence in the house, sex and age gap), mothers (maternal stress) and household size and residential crowding were examined to systematically examine the different role of these factors. Data from mother-child dyads in a Singaporean birth cohort, (677-855 dyads; 52% males; 58-61% Chinese, 20-24% Malay, 17-19% Indian) collected when children were 24-, 48-, and 54-months old, were analysed. There was a negative effect of having an older sibling, moderated by the siblings’ age gap, but not by the older sibling’s sex, nor household size or residential crowding. Maternal stress affected language outcomes in some analyses but not others. Implications for understanding the effect of family structure on language development are discussed.

The Effect of Older Sibling, Postnatal Maternal Stress, and Household Factors on Language Development in Two- to Four-Year-Old Children

Previous literature has shown that family structure affects language development. Here, factors relating to older siblings (their presence in the house, sex and age gap), mothers (maternal stress) and household size and residential crowding were examined to systematically examine the different role of these factors. Data from mother-child dyads in a Singaporean birth cohort, (677-855 dyads; 52% males; 58-61% Chinese, 20-24% Malay, 17-19% Indian) collected when children were 24-, 48-, and 54-months old, were analysed. There was a negative effect of having an older sibling, moderated by the siblings’ age gap, but not by the older sibling’s sex, nor household size or residential crowding. Maternal stress affected language outcomes in some analyses but not others. Implications for understanding the effect of family structure on language development are discussed.

Age-specific associations of early life infections and preterm birth with subsequent atopic diseases

Background: The effects of infection and developmental adaptations in infancy on the prevalence of subsequent atopy-related diseases at different ages during childhood are not fully determined. This study aims to examine the similarities and differences in the age-specific association of asthma, allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis with early life infection (i.e., daycare, older siblings, and severe airway infection) and developmental adaptations (i.e., preterm birth and overweight gain) in children. Methods: In this longitudinal cohort study (n = 47,015), children were followed from 0.5 to 11 years. The potential risks and protective factors, including daycare attendance at 0.5 years, existence of older siblings, history of hospitalization due to cold/bronchitis/bronchiolitis/pneumonia during 0.5–1.5 years, preterm birth, and overweight gain at 1.5 years, were assessed using multivariable logistic regression with adjustments for potential confounders. Results: A negative association was observed between early life daycare attendance and asthma at 5.5–9 years, which disappeared after 10 years. A negative association was also noted throughout childhood between early life daycare attendance and the presence of older siblings with allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis. However, the association between early daycare and atopic dermatitis was found to be positive during childhood. In contrast, the early life history of hospitalization owing to cold/bronchitis/bronchiolitis/pneumonia was identified to be a risk factor for developing both asthma and allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis. Preterm birth was a significant risk factor for childhood asthma. Conclusion: Different age-specific patterns were demonstrated in the relationship between early life daycare, severe airway infection, preterm birth, and atopy-related diseases in childhood.

1835–1860

Twain was reared in Hannibal, a very religious small town in Missouri by a Presbyterian mother and a freethinking father. The “Presbyterian conscience” he developed as a youth deeply affected him throughout his life. Twain’s experiences in Sunday school and church and difficult childhood that included the loss of his father and two older siblings, fear of dying, and observations of drownings, murder, and mayhem are featured in many of his writings. Both Twain and many scholars have misrepresented the Calvinism that was preached and taught in antebellum Hannibal by portraying it as denying human free agency, preaching a prosperity gospel, damning the vast majority of people to perdition, and focusing on hell. Twain was especially affected by the death of his younger brother Henry as a result of a steamboat explosion when Twain was 22.

Italian-Bangladeshis in London: Onward Migration and Its Effects on Their Linguistic Repertoire

This article discussed language use and language maintenance among the Italian-Bangladeshi community in London, considering in particular the effects of onward migration on the reorganisation of their linguistic repertoire. Drawing on focus groups and interviews with the second-generation members of Italian-Bangladeshi families, initial findings revealed that Italian is maintained through communication with same-age friends and siblings, with older siblings acting as the main agents of language maintenance. English is considered the most important language and, together with a British education, functions as a pull-factor for onward migration to improve the second generation’s future prospects. Bengali, on the other hand, is spoken by parents among themselves and children are not always fluent in the language. Bengali also represents a marker of identity for the Italian-Bangladeshi community as opposed to the larger Sylheti-speaking British-Bangladeshi community.

REFLEKSI PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 PADA MATA PELAJARAN BIOLOGI KELAS X DI SMA NEGERI 2 MEDAN TP. 2020/2021

This research is a descriptive study that aims to obtain reflections on distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic in Class X biology subjects at SMA Negeri 2 Medan TP. 2020/2021. The research subjects were students of class X. The research instrument was a questionnaire given to students online in a google form format. The results showed that: Distance Learning (PJJ) in Biology subjects at SMA Negeri 2 Medan TP. 2020/2021 has been carried out well. Most students are not accompanied during PJJ because both parents/guardians work, do not understand the material and there are already other people accompanying them, namely older siblings, other family members, and tutors. Most of the students do not understand the lesson well. Students can use online and offline learning tools well which are supported by environmental conditions at home to improve concentration. Most students are ready to study back at school at the TP. 2021/2022.

Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss More Often Have an Older Brother and a Previous Birth of a Boy: Is Male Microchimerism a Risk Factor?

Known etiologic factors can only be found in about 50% of patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). We hypothesized that male microchimerism is a risk factor for RPL and aimed to explore whether information on family tree and reproductive history, obtained from 383 patients with unexplained RPL, was supportive of this hypothesis. The male:female sex ratio of older siblings was 1.49 (97:65) in all RPL patients and 1.79 (52:29) in secondary RPL (sRPL) patients, which differed significantly from the expected 1.04 ratio (p = 0.027 and p = 0.019, respectively). In contrast, the sex ratio of younger siblings was close to the expected ratio. Sex ratio of the firstborn child before sRPL was 1.51 (p = 0.026). When combined, 79.1% of sRPL patients had at least one older brother, a firstborn boy, or both. This differed significantly from what we expected based on the distribution of younger siblings and a general 1.04 sex ratio of newborns (p = 0.040). We speculate whether (s)RPL patients possibly acquired male microchimerism from older brother(s) and/or previous birth of boy(s) by transplacental cell trafficking. This could potentially have a detrimental impact on their immune system, causing a harmful response against the fetus or trophoblast, resulting in RPL.