Prospects for the molecular genetic manipulation of livestock

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
Ian Wilmut
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Effective Scheme ◽  
Pharmaceutical Proteins ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Molecular genetic manipulation can now be used to produce pharmaceutical proteins in the milk of farm animals. In the longer term this technology will be used to modify aspects of animal production, but it is not clear how many manipulations will be useful nor when such applications will become practicable. Improvements are required in all four aspects of an effective scheme for either gene transfer or targeting: it must be possible 1). to make the change, 2). to regulate expression of the gene in the desired manner, 3). to identify genes that are able to have a significant effect and 4). to disseminate the change into the target population.There is only one method that has been used to transfer a gene in livestock and this depends upon injection of a few hundred copies of the gene into a nucleus in the early embryo. It is believed that integration occurs because the act of injecting fluid causes breakages in chromosomes and that the repair mechanisms sometimes include injected DNA. There are serious implications.

Gene transfer in animal production

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
A.J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Pharmaceutical Proteins ◽  
Pronuclear Injection ◽  
Recent Developments

ABSTRACTGene transfer by pronuclear injection has been accomplished in farm animals by a number of research groups. Applications of this technology for improving milk composition, producing pharmaceutical proteins and manipulating physiology are described. Recent developments in our understanding of gene expression at the molecular level will increase the precision with which genetic changes can be made by gene transfer.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic investigations for increasing the production results of farm animals

2001 ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Mariann Árnyasi
Keyword(s):  
Annual Meeting ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
European Association ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Animal Breeding ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Genetic Results

The author analysed the publications related to molecular genetics presented at the 51st annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. Her aim was to make the latest molecular genetic results known and to emphasise that this discipline plays an increasingly important role in research and the practical fields of animal breeding and production.

scholarly journals Analysis of Codon Usage Patterns in Giardia duodenalis Based on Transcriptome Data from GiardiaDB

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1169
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Xiaocen Wang ◽  
Pengtao Gong ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
Xichen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Codon Usage ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Codon Usage Pattern ◽  
Protein Size ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Optimal Codons ◽  
Usage Patterns

Giardia duodenalis, a flagellated parasitic protozoan, the most common cause of parasite-induced diarrheal diseases worldwide. Codon usage bias (CUB) is an important evolutionary character in most species. However, G. duodenalis CUB remains unclear. Thus, this study analyzes codon usage patterns to assess the restriction factors and obtain useful information in shaping G. duodenalis CUB. The neutrality analysis result indicates that G. duodenalis has a wide GC3 distribution, which significantly correlates with GC12. ENC-plot result—suggesting that most genes were close to the expected curve with only a few strayed away points. This indicates that mutational pressure and natural selection played an important role in the development of CUB. The Parity Rule 2 plot (PR2) result demonstrates that the usage of GC and AT was out of proportion. Interestingly, we identified 26 optimal codons in the G. duodenalis genome, ending with G or C. In addition, GC content, gene expression, and protein size also influence G. duodenalis CUB formation. This study systematically analyzes G. duodenalis codon usage pattern and clarifies the mechanisms of G. duodenalis CUB. These results will be very useful to identify new genes, molecular genetic manipulation, and study of G. duodenalis evolution.

scholarly journals Horizontal Gene Transfer Regulation in Bacteria as a “Spandrel” of DNA Repair Mechanisms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. e1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saliou Fall ◽  
Anne Mercier ◽  
Franck Bertolla ◽  
Alexandra Calteau ◽  
Laurent Gueguen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Horizontal Gene Transfer ◽  
Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

scholarly journals Genetic manipulation of primitive leukemic and normal hematopoietic cells using a novel method of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer

Leukemia ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Howard ◽  
DA Rizzierri ◽  
B Grimes ◽  
D Upchurch ◽  
GL Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Novel Method

scholarly journals The Plastid of Toxoplasma gondii Is Divided by Association with the Centrosomes

2000 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 1423-1434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Striepen ◽  
Michael J. Crawford ◽  
Michael K. Shaw ◽  
Lewis G. Tilney ◽  
Frank Seeber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Recombinant Expression ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Daughter Cells

Apicomplexan parasites harbor a single nonphotosynthetic plastid, the apicoplast, which is essential for parasite survival. Exploiting Toxoplasma gondii as an accessible system for cell biological analysis and molecular genetic manipulation, we have studied how these parasites ensure that the plastid and its 35-kb circular genome are faithfully segregated during cell division. Parasite organelles were labeled by recombinant expression of fluorescent proteins targeted to the plastid and the nucleus, and time-lapse video microscopy was used to image labeled organelles throughout the cell cycle. Apicoplast division is tightly associated with nuclear and cell division and is characterized by an elongated, dumbbell-shaped intermediate. The plastid genome is divided early in this process, associating with the ends of the elongated organelle. A centrin-specific antibody demonstrates that the ends of dividing apicoplast are closely linked to the centrosomes. Treatment with dinitroaniline herbicides (which disrupt microtubule organization) leads to the formation of multiple spindles and large reticulate plastids studded with centrosomes. The mitotic spindle and the pellicle of the forming daughter cells appear to generate the force required for apicoplast division in Toxoplasma gondii. These observations are discussed in the context of autonomous and FtsZ-dependent division of plastids in plants and algae.

scholarly journals Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) in the Oviduct: Roles in Fertilization and Early Embryo Development

Endocrinology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanth Anamthathmakula ◽  
Wipawee Winuthayanon
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
Early Embryo Development ◽  
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Final Maturation ◽  
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase

Abstract The mammalian oviduct is a dynamic organ where important events such as final maturation of oocytes, transport of gametes, sperm capacitation, fertilization, embryo development, and transport take place. Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), also known as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), is the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins (PGs) and plays an essential role during early pregnancy, including ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and decidualization. Even though the maternal-embryo communication originates in the oviduct, not many studies have systemically investigated PTGS2 signaling during early development. Most of the studies investigating implantation and decidualization processes in Ptgs2-/- mice employed embryo transfer into the uterus, thereby bypassing the mammalian oviduct. Consequently, an understanding of the mechanistic action as well as the regulation of PTGS2 and derived PGs in oviductal functions is far from complete. In this review, we aim to focus on the importance of PTGS2 and associated PGs signaling in the oviduct particularly in humans, farm animals, and laboratory rodents to provide a broad perspective to guide further research in this field. Specifically, we review the role of PTGS2-derived PGs in fertilization, embryo development, and transport. We focus on the actions of ovarian steroid hormones on PTGS2 regulation in the oviduct. Understanding of cellular PTGS2 function during early embryo development and transport in the oviduct will be an important step toward a better understanding of reproduction and may have potential implication in the assisted reproductive technology.

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