Field Extraction of Large Intact Soil Cores for Leaching Studies in the Laboratory

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
She-Kong Chong ◽  
Suling Zhao ◽  
Brian P. Klubek
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Large Soil ◽  
Intact Soil

Various samplers have been developed for taking intact soil cores. Very often, the sampler was used once or twice to take only a few soil cores then it became either obsolete or a burden for maintenance and storage. An economic portable hand-operated soil core sampler was developed to obtain large soil cores with a diameter of 19 cm and a length of 120 cm. The quality of large soil cores was evaluated and compared with that obtained from short cores from each soil horizon. In addition, the large intact column was used to evaluate atrazine transport under the saturated condition. Results showed that the hydraulic conductivity of the large cores were of the same magnitude as that of short cores, except for the A horizon; the hydraulic conductivity of the large cores was about 10 times greater than the short cores. Even though the sampling procedure is labor intensive, the soil sampler has the flexibility to collect different size soil cores and can be constructed at a very low cost (less than $200 including labor). Lastly, the sampler is maintenance free and can be stored easily in a limited space.

scholarly journals N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, N<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from tropical savanna and grassland of Northern Australia: an incubation experiment with intact soil cores

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 8399-8442 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Werner ◽  
K. Reiser ◽  
M. Dannenmann ◽  
L. B. Hutley ◽  
J. Jacobeit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Total N ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Intact Soil

Abstract. Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in Northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (3 savanna, 1 pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emission were very low (<7.0 ± 5.0 μg NO-N m−2 h−1; <0.0 ± 1.4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or in case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short-lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% at 50% SM and 30 °C ST. N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. Emissions were controlled by SM and ST for N2O and CO2, ST and pH for NO, and SM and pH for N2.

scholarly journals N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, N<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from tropical savanna and grassland of northern Australia: an incubation experiment with intact soil cores

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6047-6065 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Werner ◽  
K. Reiser ◽  
M. Dannenmann ◽  
L. B. Hutley ◽  
J. Jacobeit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Total N ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Intact Soil ◽  
No Emissions

Abstract. Strong seasonal variability of hygric and thermal soil conditions are a defining environmental feature in northern Australia. However, how such changes affect the soil–atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and dinitrogen (N2) is still not well explored. By incubating intact soil cores from four sites (three savanna, one pasture) under controlled soil temperatures (ST) and soil moisture (SM) we investigated the release of the trace gas fluxes of N2O, NO and carbon dioxide (CO2). Furthermore, the release of N2 due to denitrification was measured using the helium gas flow soil core technique. Under dry pre-incubation conditions NO and N2O emissions were very low (<7.0 ± 5.0 μg NO-N m−2 h−1; <0.0 ± 1.4 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) or in the case of N2O, even a net soil uptake was observed. Substantial NO (max: 306.5 μg N m−2 h−1) and relatively small N2O pulse emissions (max: 5.8 ± 5.0 μg N m−2 h−1) were recorded following soil wetting, but these pulses were short lived, lasting only up to 3 days. The total atmospheric loss of nitrogen was generally dominated by N2 emissions (82.4–99.3% of total N lost), although NO emissions contributed almost 43.2% to the total atmospheric nitrogen loss at 50% SM and 30 °C ST incubation settings (the contribution of N2 at these soil conditions was only 53.2%). N2O emissions were systematically higher for 3 of 12 sample locations, which indicates substantial spatial variability at site level, but on average soils acted as weak N2O sources or even sinks. By using a conservative upscale approach we estimate total annual emissions from savanna soils to average 0.12 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2O), 0.68 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (NO) and 6.65 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (N2). The analysis of long-term SM and ST records makes it clear that extreme soil saturation that can lead to high N2O and N2 emissions only occurs a few days per year and thus has little impact on the annual total. The potential contribution of nitrogen released due to pulse events compared to the total annual emissions was found to be of importance for NO emissions (contribution to total: 5–22%), but not for N2O emissions. Our results indicate that the total gaseous release of nitrogen from these soils is low and clearly dominated by loss in the form of inert nitrogen. Effects of seasonally varying soil temperature and moisture were detected, but were found to be low due to the small amounts of available nitrogen in the soils (total nitrogen <0.1%).

Collecting large soil monoliths

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne A Allaire ◽  
Eric van Bochove
Keyword(s):  
Contaminant Transport ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Large Soil ◽  
Intact Soil ◽  
Collection Methods

Large soil monoliths (> 50 kg) are required to study and monitor soil energy and water budget, gas and liquid fluxes, and contaminant transport. This paper reviews the types of studies requiring large soil monoliths, design and material for the casing, and collection methods for vertically forced cylindrical and for block (orthorhombic) monoliths. Methods of extraction are described along with recommendations. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed. Vertically pushed cylindrical monoliths are easier to sample, but compared with orthorhombic monoliths that are not pushed into the soil, the pushing process has the disadvantage of modifying certain soil physical properties. Key words: Large soil samples, intact soil cores, acrylic boxes, soil sampling

scholarly journals Denitrification Rate and Its Potential to Predict Biogenic N2O Field Emissions in a Mediterranean Maize-Cropped Soil in Southern Italy

Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annachiara Forte ◽  
Angelo Fierro
Keyword(s):  
Pore Space ◽  
Denitrification Rate ◽  
Linear Functions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
High Soil ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Intact Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrates

The denitrification rate in C2H2-amended intact soil cores and soil N2O fluxes in closed static chambers were monitored in a Mediterranean irrigated maize-cropped field. The measurements were carried out during: (i) a standard fertilization management (SFM) activity and (ii) a manipulation experimental (ME) test on the effects of increased and reduced application rates of urea at the late fertilization. In the course of the SFM, the irrigations following early and late nitrogen fertilization led to pulses of denitrification rates (up to 1300 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) and N2O fluxes (up to 320 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1), thanks to the combined action of high soil temperatures and not limiting nitrates and water filled pore space (WFPS). During the ME, high soil nitrates were noted in all the treatments in the first one month after the late fertilization, which promoted marked N-losses by microbial denitrification (from 500 to 1800 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) every time the soil WFPS was not limiting. At similar maize yield responses to fertilizer treatments, this result suggested no competition for N between plant roots and soil microbial community and indicated a probable surplus of nitrogen fertilizer input at the investigated farm. Correlation and regression analyses (CRA) on the whole set of data showed significant relations between both the denitrification rates and the N2O fluxes with three soil physical-chemical parameters: nitrate concentration, WFPS and temperature. Specifically, the response functions of denitrification rate to soil nitrates, WFPS and temperature could be satisfactorily modelled according to simple Michaelis-Menten kinetic, exponential and linear functions, respectively. Furthermore, the CRA demonstrated a significant exponential relationship between N2O fluxes and denitrification and simple empirical functions to predict N2O emissions from the denitrification rate appeared more fitting (higher concordance correlation coefficient) than the predictive empirical algorithm based on soil nitrates, WFPS and temperature. In this regard, the empirically established relationships between the denitrification rate on intact soil cores under field conditions and the soil variables provided local-specific threshold values and coefficients which may effectively work to calibrate and adapt existing N2O process-based simulation models to the local pedo-climatic conditions.

Effects of Starch Encapsulation on Clomazone and Atrazine Movement in Soil and Clomazone Volatilization

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd L. Mervosh ◽  
Edward W. Stoller ◽  
F. William Simmons ◽  
Timothy R. Ellsworth ◽  
Gerald K. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Water Tension ◽  
Intact Soil

The effects of formulation on clomazone volatilization and transport through soil were studied. After 22 days of leaching under unsaturated flow in 49-cm long intact soil cores, greater clomazone movement was observed in Plainfield sand than in Cisne silt loam or Drummer silty clay loam soils. Soil clomazone concentrations resulting in injury to oats occurred throughout Plainfield soil cores but were restricted to the upper 14 cm of Cisne and Drummer soils. In addition, clomazone was detected in the leachate from Plainfield soil only. In a similar study with Plainfield sand cores, clomazone was less mobile than atrazine; encapsulation of the herbicides in starch granules did not affect clomazone movement but greatly decreased atrazine movement from the soil surface. Similarly, starch encapsulation did not affect bioavailability of clomazone but did reduce bioavailability of atrazine. In a laboratory study with continual air flow, volatilization of clomazone applied to the soil surface was reduced by encapsulation in starch and starch/clay granules. Clomazone volatilization was not affected by soil water content within a range of 33 to 1500 kPa water tension. Following soil saturation with water, clomazone volatilization from both liquid and granular formulations increased. Granule size appeared to have a greater impact than granule composition on clomazone volatilization.

scholarly journals Leaching of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, Escherichia coli, and a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage through Intact Soil Cores following Surface Application and Injection of Slurry

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (22) ◽  
pp. 8129-8138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Forslund ◽  
Bo Markussen ◽  
Lise Toenner-Klank ◽  
Tina B. Bech ◽  
Ole Stig Jacobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Intact Soil Cores ◽  
Intact Soil

ABSTRACTIncreasing amounts of livestock manure are being applied to agricultural soil, but it is unknown to what extent this may be associated with contamination of aquatic recipients and groundwater if microorganisms are transported through the soil under natural weather conditions. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate how injection and surface application of pig slurry on intact sandy clay loam soil cores influenced the leaching ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium bacteriophage 28B,Escherichia coli, andCryptosporidium parvumoocysts. All three microbial tracers were detected in the leachate on day 1, and the highest relative concentration was detected on the fourth day (0.1 pore volume). Although the concentration of the phage 28B declined over time, the phage was still found in leachate at day 148.C. parvumoocysts and chloride had an additional rise in the relative concentration at a 0.5 pore volume, corresponding to the exchange of the total pore volume. The leaching ofE. coliwas delayed compared with that of the added microbial tracers, indicating a stronger attachment to slurry particles, butE. colicould be detected up to 3 months. Significantly enhanced leaching of phage 28B and oocysts by the injection method was seen, whereas leaching of the indigenousE. coliwas not affected by the application method. Preferential flow was the primary transport vehicle, and the diameter of the fractures in the intact soil cores facilitated transport of all sizes of microbial tracers under natural weather conditions.

Intact soil-core microcosms compared with multi-site field releases for pre-release testing of microbes in diverse soils and climates

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel V Gagliardi ◽  
J Scott Angle ◽  
James J Germida ◽  
R Campbell Wyndham ◽  
Christopher P Chanway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Soil Microbiology ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Fallow Soil ◽  
Site Field ◽  
Intact Soil Core ◽  
Regression Slopes ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Intact Soil

Intact soil-core microcosms were used to compare persistence of Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11 in fallow soil and on wheat roots with field releases at diverse sites. Parallel field and microcosm releases at four sites in 1996 were repeated with addition of one site in 1997. Microcosms were obtained fresh and maintained at 60% soil water holding capacity in a growth chamber at 70% relative humidity, a 12-hour photoperiod, and constant temperature. Persistence of 3732RN-L11 was measured at each site in field plots and microcosms at 7–21 day intervals, and in duplicate microcosms sampled at an independent laboratory. Linear regression slopes of field plot and microcosm persistence were compared for each site, and between identical microcosms sampled at different sites, using log10transformed plate counts. Microcosm persistence closely matched field plots for wheat roots, but persistence in fallow soil differed significantly in several instances where persistence in field plots was lower than in microcosms. Analysis of weather variations at each site indicated that rainfall events of 30–40 mm caused decreased persistence in fallow soil. Cooler temperatures enhanced persistence in field plots at later time points. Inter-laboratory comparison of regression slopes showed good agreement for data generated at different sites, though in two instances, longer sampling periods at one site caused significant differences between the sites. Soil characteristics were compared and it was found that fertility, namely the carbon to nitrogen ratio, and the presence of expanding clays, were related to persistence. These microcosm protocols produced reliable data at low cost, and were useable for pre-release risk analyses for microorganisms.Key words: microcosm, soil, microbiology, risk assessment, 3732RN-L11.

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