Formation of links between microorganisms of certain groups in haplic luvisol under the influence of mineral fertilization and liming

The aim of the research was to form connections between separate groups of microorganisms as a part of groups of gray forest soil (Haplic Luvisol) during the cultivation of spring wheat with the use of various fertilizers and liming systems. Research methods: microbiological, laboratory-analytical, statistical. The research was carried out in the landfill monitoring system on the basis of a stationary experiment of the Department of Agrosoil Science and Soil Microbiology at the NSC “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS” - Development and improvement of intensive cultivation technologies of agricultural crops on the basis of the expanded soil fertility reproduction. The main results of the study: The number of ammonifiers is positively correlated with the total number of microorganisms (0,955), the number of mineral nitrogen immobilizers, denitrifiers, nitrifiers, cellulose-destroying bacteria, actin- and micromycetes, the coefficient of nitrogen mineralization compounds, the total biological activity (0,911). The conclusions of previous research are confirmed: Azotobacter is not a diagnostic microorganism for effective soil fertility, as evidenced by the insignificance of the correlation coefficients between the number of Azotobacter and the yield of spring wheat (0,265), winter wheat (0,131), soybeans (0,303). The number of Azotobacter correlates inversely with most of the studied indicators, especially significant - with the number of polysaccharide-synthesizing microorganisms, actinomycetes, melanin-synthesizing micromycetes (-0,719), acid-forming microorganisms (- 0,611), physiological and biochemical activity of own cells, pedotrophic index. The direct nature of the relationship is established between the number of polysaccharide-synthesizing microorganisms as a diagnostic group for the optimal mineral nutrition of plants and the number of mineral nitrogen immobilizers (0,854), pedotrophs (0,970), cellulose-destructive (0,724) and autochthonous (0,878) microorganisms, actinomycetes, micromycetes, the total number of microorganisms (0,588), probability of colony formation of denitrifiers, autochthonous microorganisms and micromycetes, nitrogen mineralization coefficient, total biological activity (0,646). Indigenous microorganisms show a high level of direct dependence on the number of mineral nitrogen immobilizers, pedotrophs, cellulose-destroying and polysaccharide-synthesizing microorganisms, the total number of microorganisms, physiological and biochemical activity of denitrifiers and own cells (0,935).

Citric Acid and EDTA as chelating agents in phytoremediation of heavy metal in polluted soil: a review

The application of metal chelating agents in phytoremediation has been shown to increase plant efficiency for heavy metal uptake in phytoextraction significantly. EDTA is a famous chelating agent used in phytoextraction. However, future use of EDTA is likely to be limited to ex-situ conditions where leachate control can be achieved, so there are limitations to its use that need to be studied. So that many phytoremediation studies have been carried out on organic chelating agents that are not expected to be harmful to the environment, one of which is Citric Acid. The purpose of this review is to compare commonly chelating agents, namely: EDTA as synthetic and Citric Acid as a natural matter for phytoremediation in polluted soils. This review also discusses the ability of Citric Acid and EDTA on phytoremediation, their effect on soil physiology and soil microbiology, advantages and disadvantages of each on the prospects of phytoremediation. EDTA can increase phytoextraction better than Citric Acid but can increase the risk of groundwater pollution because EDTA is difficult to degrade by the environment. In contrast, Citric Acid has been shown to increase phytoextraction, phytostabilization and harmless to the environment.

Agricultural Waste-Based Biochar for Agronomic Applications

Agricultural activities face several challenges due to the intensive increase in population growth and environmental issues. It has been established that biochar can be assigned a useful role in agriculture. Its agronomic application has therefore received increasing attention recently. The literature shows different applications, e.g., biochar serves as a soil ameliorant to optimize soil structure and composition, and it increases the availability of nutrients and the water retention capacity in the soil. If the biochar is buried in the soil, it decomposes very slowly and thus serves as a long-term store of carbon. Limiting the availability of pesticides and heavy metals increases soil health. Biochar addition also affects soil microbiology and enzyme activity and contributes to the improvement of plant growth and crop production. Biochar can be used as a compost additive and animal feed and simultaneously provides a contribution to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Several parameters, including biochar origin, pyrolysis temperature, soil type when biochar is used as soil amendment, and application rate, control biochar’s efficiency in different agricultural applications. Thus, special care should be given when using a specific biochar for a specific application to prevent any negative effects on the agricultural environment.

Application of Nanoparticle of Merapi Volcanic Ash and Phosphate-Solubilizing Fungi in Improving Inceptisols Characteristics

Nanoparticles of Merapi volcanic ash and phosphate-solubilizing fungi were expected to function as ameliorants in improving some Inceptisols characteristics. Nanoparticles of volcanic ash were used in accelerating and streamlining the chemical reaction in the soil. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi were expected to assist the process of several soil reactions. The aim of the research was to improve some chemical characteristics like available P, cation exchange capacity, Fe, and Zn content of Inceptisols in Cilembu Village, Sumedang District, West Java Province, Indonesia. The research used a complete randomized experimental design in factorial with two factors. The first factor was the nanoparticle of Merapi volcanic ash consisted of four doses on soil weight percentage (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%). The second factor was phosphate-solubilizing fungi consisted of two doses (without and 10 g.kg-1). The volcanic ash was collected from Mt. Merapi, Central Java, after the eruption of November 2010 and kept in the Laboratory of Soil Physics and Conservation in Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The nanoparticle of volcanic ash was processed at Nanotechnology and Graphene Research Centre, Universitas Padjadjaran. The phosphate-solubilizing fungi were isolated from Inceptisols in Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. These treatments were combined and mixed with soils and incubated for three months. Every one month during those three months of the incubation period, some soils were taken to be analyzed of available P, cation exchange capacity (CEC), available Fe, and available Zn. The result showed that there was no interaction between the nanoparticle of Merapi volcanic ash and phosphate-solubilizing fungi to parameters investigated except the CEC after two months of incubation. There was an effect of nanoparticle volcanic ash and phosphate-solubilizing fungi individually to available Fe dan Zn. There was a trend of increasing available P, and CEC and decreasing available Fe and Zn by the longer period of incubation.

Soil Acidity, Organic Carbon and Basic Cations as Affected by Nanoparticle of Volcanic Ash and Biofertilizer in Inceptisols

Nanoparticle has been used in agricultural practices such as soil ameliorant. Nanoparticle of volcanic ash and biofertilizer were applied to improve some soil characteristics of Inceptisols. The objective of this research was to optimize the benefit of nanoparticle of volcanic ash and biofertilizer in reducing soil acidity, increasing organic carbon content, and increasing basic cations of Inceptisols. Volcanic ash was obtained from the eruption of Mt. Merapi in Central Java. Nanoparticle was grinded in Nanotechnology and Graphene Research Center, Universitas Padjadjaran. Phosphate solubilizing fungi was used as biofertilizer, isolated in Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran. A two factors randomized experimental design was used in this research. Nanoparticle of volcanic ash was used as first factor (four levels: 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% of soil weight percentages). Biofertilizer was used as second factor (two levels: 0 and 10 g.kg-1). These two treatments were combined and mixed evenly and incubated for three months in field condition. Every month during those three months a few soil samples were taken to analyze the change of soil characteristics. The results showed that the treatments increased organic carbon content and potassium basic cation but had no effect to soil acidity.

Metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology and research for sustainable agriculture

Technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS) are transforming research fields at the methodological, conceptual, and organizational level. They open up new possibilities and bring with them new commitments and inherent limitations. We show from a philosophy of science perspective how NGS-based metagenomics has transformed microbial ecology and, with it, parts of agricultural soil science, which integrate ecological approaches with the aim to inform agricultural practices. We reconstruct agricultural science as design science (sensu Niiniluoto) and describe how the possibilities, commitments, and limitations of metagenomics approaches in microbial ecology shape values, situation assessments, and recommendations for interventions of soil microbiology in the context of sustainable agriculture.

Soil hygiene indicators of Bayanzurkh district of the capital city and map of distribution of some heavy metals

Heavy metals are natural constituents, but the loss of bio-geochemical balance due to human activities is creating a build-up of toxic forms in the environment, especially in the soil. To determine the level of pollution in the study area, the method of determining the degree of pollution and the ecological risk index developed by Hakansan Yuan and Rahman were used. The survey was conducted in the territory of Bayanzurkh district of the capital city between 2019-2020 and used the values of 66 points of soil hygiene and some heavy metals in the soil. According to the study, the content of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) is high and medium at 1-2 points, while the levels of nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) are low. According to the Ecological Risk Index, 66 points out of 5 substances have a risk index of less than 40 or less risk. Soil microbiology showed high levels of contamination by E. coli bacteria and Cl. prefringens. The “ger horoolol” district area becoming main source of microbiological pollution. Improvement of solid waste management and “ger horoolol” area planning is challenging issue to solve a soil pollution problem of Bayanzurh district area. To determine the proportion of the distribution of heavy metals overlapping with functional land use zones, all non-zinc elements were less than 30 mg / kg in residential areas and more than 20 mg / kg in industrial areas. Нийслэлийн Баянзүрх дүүргийн хөрсний эрүүл ахуйн үзүүлэлтүүд ба зарим хүнд металлын бохирдлын дүн Хүнд металлууд байгалийн бүрдэл хэсэг боловч хүний үйл ажиллагааны нөлөөнд био-геохимийн тэнцвэрт байдал нь алдагдсанаар амьдрах орчин, ялангуяа хөрсөнд хортой хэлбэрийн хуримтлал бий болгож байна. Судалгааны талбайн бохирдлын түвшинг илэрхийлэхийн тулд Хакансан Юан, Рахман нарын тодорхойлон гаргаж ирсэн бохирдлын зэрэг, экологийн эрсдлийн индекс тодорхойлох аргыг ашигласан. Судалгаагаа нийслэлийн Баянзүрх дүүргийн нутаг дэвсгэрт 2019-2020 оны хооронд хийгдсэн хөрсний эрүүл ахуй болон хөрсний зарим хүнд металлын 66 цэгийн утгыг ашиглалаа. Судалгаагаар хар тугалга (Pb), зэс (Cu), цайрын (Zn) агууламж бохирдлын зэргийн хувьд 1-2 цэгт бохирдлын хүчин зүйл их болон дунд гэсэн утга гарсан бол никель (Ni), хромын (Cr) хувьд бага түвшинд байна. Харин экологийн эрсдлийн индексээр 5 бодисын 66 цэгийн үзүүлэлтээр эрсдлийн индекс 40-өөс бага буюу эрсдэл багатай гэж гарлаа. Хөрсний микробиологийн дүнгээр E. coli бактер, агааргүйтсэн бичил биетэн Cl. prefringens –ийн бохирдол өндөр гарсан. Баянзүрх дүүргийн хөрсөн дэх нянгийн хэмжээг бууруулах ажлыг хотын гэр хороолол дунд үүссэн хог хаягдлыг цэвэрлэх, нүхэн жорлонгийн нөхцлийг сайжруулах зэргээс эхлэх шаардлагатай байгааг харуулж байна. Хүнд металлын тархалтыг газар ашиглалтын функциональ бүсүүдтэй давхцуулан эзлэх хувийг тодорхойлоход сууцны бүсэд цайраас бусад элемент 30 мг/кг-аас бага, үйлдвэрийн бүсэд хүнд металлууд 20 мг/кг-аас дээш агууламжтай тархсан байна. Түлхүүр үг: хөрсний бохирдол, эрүүл ахуй, газар ашиглалтын бүс, хүнд металь

Role of Microbes in Plant Growth and Food Preservation

Introduction: Microbes perform better functions for agricultural production by promoting various direct and indirect mechanisms in soil and plants. If agricultural development is to satisfy the needs of an increasing global population, a deeper understanding of soil microbiology is needed. Furthermore, microbial biota such as yeast, bacteria etc., plays a significant role in food preservation by various mechanisms. Review results: Despite their pathogenicity, microbes play a substantial role in dispensing an assortment of fermented drinks and foods in the food industry and home. Probiotics, fermented foods and alcoholic beverages are flattering extra popular due to their health benefits and flavour. Furthermore, they increase the yield and growth of plants by improving mineral availability to the plants and by another mechanism. Review implementation: This present review also discusses the various organisms used in the agricultural processing of beverages and food and the benefits of using the following microbes in the beverage and food industry.