scholarly journals An investigation into an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phagetype 4 infection and the consumption of custard slices and trifles

1992 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Barnes ◽  
A. T. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYEpidemiological investigation into an outbreak of food poisoning in 17 patients caused by Salmonella enteritidis phage-type 4 demonstrated a highly significant association with consumption of custard, retailed in custard slices and trifles from a bakery on one day. The bakery had changed their recipe for custard 2 weeks earlier to include fresh shell eggs and had not followed earlier national advice on cooking eggs for human consumption. The case-control study supports earlier work associating Salmonella enteritidis phage-type 4 infection with consumption of uncooked or lightly cooked shell eggs.

scholarly journals National outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 14b in England, September to December 2009: case–control study

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Janmohamed ◽  
D Zenner ◽  
C Little ◽  
C Lane ◽  
J Wain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Binary File ◽  
Control Study

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

scholarly journals Case-control study of infections with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 in England.

BMJ ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 299 (6702) ◽  
pp. 771-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Cowden ◽  
D. Lynch ◽  
C. A. Joseph ◽  
M. O'Mahony ◽  
S. L. Mawer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals An outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 34a infection in primary school children: the use of visual aids and food preferences to overcome recall bias in a case control study

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. LINNANE ◽  
R. J. ROBERTS ◽  
P. T. MANNION
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Recall Bias ◽  
Control Study

Outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease are common in schools. Case control studies are useful in the investigation of infectious disease outbreaks but the time interval between illness and investigation can lead to recall bias, particularly in young children. We describe an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 34a infection involving 54 clinical cases in two adjacent schools, and a novel approach to overcome recall bias. The likely dates of infection were identified from the epidemic curve. We created a visual display of the menu from those days and asked 9 cases and 18 matched controls to identify their food preferences from this display. Preference for chocolate mouse was significantly associated with illness (P = 0.006). The results of the case control study agreed with the findings of the environmental investigation. We believe our approach could be used in other circumstances, where subjects are young children or recall bias is a concern.

scholarly journals Emergence of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Type 4 in the Caribbean: Case-Control Study in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Indar-Harrinauth ◽  
N. Daniels ◽  
P. Prabhakar ◽  
C. Brown ◽  
G. Baccus-Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trinidad And Tobago ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals A Mexican restaurant-associated outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis type 34 infections traced to a contaminated egg farm

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. McNEIL ◽  
L. B. SWEAT ◽  
S. L. CARTER ◽  
C. B. WATSON ◽  
J. T. HOLLOWAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Egg Quality ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Food Isolate ◽  
Control Study

In May 1996, the Georgia Division of Public Health was notified about a cluster of persons with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in Waycross, Georgia. A matched pair case-control study to determine risk factors for illness found a statistically significant association of SE infection with a history of having eaten at Restaurant A during the 5 days before onset of illness (relative risk = 13 [95% confidence interval (CI)=3–62, P<0·01]). In a second case-control study, to determine specific food exposures, consumption of a deep-fried Mexican dish (chile relleno) (4 of 21 cases vs. 0 of 26 controls, odds ratio undefined, 95% CI>1·46, P=0·034) was found to be significantly associated with SE infection. An environmental investigation found evidence of suboptimal food storage and cooking temperatures at Restaurant A; cross contamination of foods may have contributed to the low attributable risk identified for chile rellenos. Five of 37 Restaurant A food and environment specimens yielded SE strains. All five positive specimens were from chiles rellenos. Of the seven outbreak-associated strains (six patient isolates and one food isolate from Restaurant A) for which phage typing was conducted, all were phage type 34. A FDA traceback investigation through Restaurant A's single-egg supplier identified the potential source as three interrelated farms in South Carolina. Environmental culture from one of these farms yielded SE phage type 34. As a result of this outbreak, FDA helped institute a statewide egg quality-assurance programme in South Carolina to minimize SE contamination of eggs.

scholarly journals Salmonella enteritidis outbreak in a restaurant chain: the continuing challenges of prevention

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Vugia ◽  
B. Mishu ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
D. R. Tavris ◽  
F. W. Hickman-Brenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Plasmid Profiles ◽  
Handling Practices ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Restaurant Chain

SUMMARYIn 1990, a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) outbreak occurred in a restaurant chain in Pennsylvania. To determine its cause(s), we conducted a case-control study and a cohort study at one restaurant, and a survey of restaurants. Egg dishes were associated with illness (P = 0.03). Guests from one hotel eating at the restaurant had a diarrhocal attack rate of 14%, 4.7-fold higher than among those not eating there (P = 0.04). There were no differences in egg handling between affected and unaffected restaurants. Eggs supplied to affected restaurants were medium grade AA eggs from a single farm, and were reportedly refrigerated during distribution. Human and hen SE isolates were phage type 8 and had similar plasmid profiles and antibiograms. We estimate the prevalence of infected eggs during the outbreak to be as high as 1 in 12. Typical restaurant egg-handling practices and refrigeration during distribution appear to be insufficient by themselves to prevent similar outbreaks.

scholarly journals National case-control study of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 14b infection in England and Wales implicates eggs used in the catering trade

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O'Brien ◽  
I A Gillespie ◽  
A Charlett ◽  
G K Adak ◽  
E J Threlfall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Food Consumed

Following an increase in detection of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 14b in 2003 in England and Wales, analysis of the main exposure variables in an initial case-control study suggested that food consumed outside the home, and from specific types of catering establishments in particular, was the most likely source of infection.

scholarly journals The pandemic of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 reaches Utah: a complex investigation confirms the need for continuing rigorous control measures

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SOBEL ◽  
A. B. HIRSHFELD ◽  
K. McTIGUE ◽  
C. L. BURNETT ◽  
S. ALTEKRUSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Complex Investigation ◽  
First Case ◽  
Control Study

In 1995, Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) cases in the state of Utah increased fivefold. Isolates were identified as phage type 4 (PT4). Risk factors and sources of infection were investigated in two case-control studies, a traceback of implicated foods, and environmental testing. Forty-three patients with sporadic infections and 86 controls were included in a case-control study of risk factors for infection. A follow-up case-control study of 25 case and 19 control restaurants patronized by case and control patients examined risks associated with restaurant practices. In the first case-control study, restaurant dining was associated with illness (P = 0·002). In the follow-up case-control study, case restaurants were likelier to use > 2000 eggs per week (P < 0·02), to pool eggs (P < 0·05), and to use eggs from cooperative ‘A’ (P < 0·009). Eggs implicated in separately investigated SE PT4 outbreaks were traced to cooperative ‘A’, and SE PT4 was cultured from one of the cooperative's five local farms. We conclude that SE PT4 transmitted by infected eggs from a single farm caused a fivefold increase in human infections in Utah.

An International Outbreak of Salmonellosis Associated with Raw Almonds Contaminated with a Rare Phage Type of Salmonella Enteritidis†

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. ISAACS ◽  
J. ARAMINI ◽  
B. CIEBIN ◽  
J. A. FARRAR ◽  
R. AHMED ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Control Study

During the winter of 2000 to 2001, an outbreak due to Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) phage type 30 (PT30), a rare strain, was detected in Canada. The ensuing investigation involved Canadian and American public health and food regulatory agencies and an academic research laboratory. Enhanced laboratory surveillance, including phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, was used to identify cases. Case questionnaires were administered to collect information about food and environmental exposures. A case-control study with 16 matched case-control pairs was conducted to test the hypothesis of an association between raw whole almond consumption and infection. Almond samples were collected from case homes, retail outlets, and the implicated processor, and environmental samples were collected from processing equipment and associated farms for microbiological testing. One hundred sixty-eight laboratory-confirmed cases of SE PT30 infection (157 in Canada, 11 in the United States) were identified between October 2000 and July 2001. The case-control study identified raw whole almonds as the source of infection (odds ration, 21.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.6 to ∞). SE PT30 was detected in raw whole natural almonds collected from home, retail, distribution, and warehouse sources and from environmental swabs of processing equipment and associated farmers' orchards. The frequent and prolonged recovery of this specific organism from a large agricultural area was an unexpected finding and may indicate significant diffuse contamination on these farms. Identification of almonds as the source of a foodborne outbreak is a previously undocumented finding, leading to a North American recall of this product and a review of current industry practices.

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