scholarly journals Evaluation of ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition as screening tests in serosurveillance for H5/H7 avian influenza in commercial chicken flocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Arnold ◽  
M. J. Slomka ◽  
A. C. Breed ◽  
C. K. Hjulsager ◽  
S. Pritz-Verschuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Serological Surveillance

AbstractAvian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7 can infect poultry causing low pathogenicity (LP) AI, but these LPAIVs may mutate to highly pathogenic AIV in chickens or turkeys causing high mortality, hence H5/H7 subtypes demand statutory intervention. Serological surveillance in the European Union provides evidence of H5/H7 AIV exposure in apparently healthy poultry. To identify the most sensitive screening method as the first step in an algorithm to provide evidence of H5/H7 AIV infection, the standard approach of H5/H7 antibody testing by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) was compared with an ELISA, which detects antibodies to all subtypes. Sera (n= 1055) from 74 commercial chicken flocks were tested by both methods. A Bayesian approach served to estimate diagnostic test sensitivities and specificities, without assuming any ‘gold standard’. Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was 97% and 99.8%, and for H5/H7 HI 43% and 99.8%, respectively, although H5/H7 HI sensitivity varied considerably between infected flocks. ELISA therefore provides superior sensitivity for the screening of chicken flocks as part of an algorithm, which subsequently utilises H5/H7 HI to identify infection by these two subtypes. With the calculated sensitivity and specificity, testing nine sera per flock is sufficient to detect a flock seroprevalence of 30% with 95% probability.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to avian influenza viruses in wild birds broaden with age

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1845) ◽  
pp. 20162159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Hill ◽  
Ruth J. Manvell ◽  
Bodo Schulenburg ◽  
Wendy Shell ◽  
Paul S. Wikramaratna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

For viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune recognition. The accumulation of acquired immunity with age is hypothesized to affect how influenza viruses emerge and spread in species of different lifespans. Despite its importance for understanding the behaviour of avian influenza viruses, little is known about age-related accumulation of immunity in the virus's primary reservoir, wild birds. To address this, we studied the age structure of immune responses to avian influenza virus in a wild swan population ( Cygnus olor ), before and after the population experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in 2008. We performed haemagglutination inhibition assays on sampled sera for five avian influenza strains and show that breadth of response accumulates with age. The observed age-related distribution of antibody responses to avian influenza strains may explain the age-dependent mortality observed during the highly pathogenic H5N1 outbreak. Age structures and species lifespan are probably important determinants of viral epidemiology and virulence in birds.

scholarly journals Lack of virological and serological evidence for continued circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in wild birds in the Netherlands, 14 November 2014 to 31 January 2016

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein J Poen ◽  
Josanne H Verhagen ◽  
Ruth J Manvell ◽  
Ian Brown ◽  
Theo M Bestebroer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n8 Virus

In 2014, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage emerged in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Here, wild birds were extensively investigated in the Netherlands for HPAI H5N8 virus (real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix and H5 gene) and antibody detection (haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation assays) before, during and after the first virus detection in Europe in late 2014. Between 21 February 2015 and 31 January 2016, 7,337 bird samples were tested for the virus. One HPAI H5N8 virus-infected Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) sampled on 25 February 2015 was detected. Serological assays were performed on 1,443 samples, including 149 collected between 2007 and 2013, 945 between 14 November 2014 and 13 May 2015, and 349 between 1 September and 31 December 2015. Antibodies specific for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 were absent in wild bird sera obtained before 2014 and present in sera collected during and after the HPAI H5N8 emergence in Europe, with antibody incidence declining after the 2014/15 winter. Our results indicate that the HPAI H5N8 virus has not continued to circulate extensively in wild bird populations since the 2014/15 winter and that independent maintenance of the virus in these populations appears unlikely.

The first 2010 Case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-166
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Mahieu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

The recent Romanian outbreak of subtype H5N1 of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, the first detected case of H5N1 avian influenza in Europe in 2010, has reinvigorated the debate concerning risks related to the spread of avian influenza in the European Union.

scholarly journals SEROPREVALENSI PENYAKIT AVIAN INFLUENZA SUBTIPE H5N1 PADA AYAM BURAS DI PASAR BERINGKIT DAN GALIRAN, BALI

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Baiq Indah Pertiwi ◽  
Gusti Ayu Yuniati Kencana ◽  
I Nyoman Suartha
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Market Management ◽  
Sample Testing ◽  
Influenza H5n1

Avian Influenza (AI) is a strategic communicable and zoonotic disease. The cause is a virus with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N1. The poultry market has important roles in the preservation, propagation, and spreads of the Avian Influenza (AI) virus from poultry to other species and humans. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of seroprevalence of Avian Influenza (H5N1) in free-range chickens at the Beringkit and Galiran market. A total of 120 free-range chickens were used as a sample. They have taken 60 serum samples per market. Serum removal is made from 5 merchants under the provisions of 3 samples from merchants who sell 6 to 10 free-range chickens. The sampling period is carried out for 2 months every 2 weeks 4 times. Sample testing was performed at the Denpasar Veterinary Centre with Haemagglutination (HA) and Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) as barriers. The data titer of the antibodies obtained was analyzed by Non-Parametric Statistic Test Chi-Square (χ2) using IBM SPSS for windows. The results of the study showed that the AI subtype of the H5N1 subtype in both Beringkit Markets is 3.3% and Galiran Market is 6.7%, with seroprevalence in the two markets of 5.0% which is statistically not dissimilar (P<0.05). To prevent the transmissions of AI disease at the Beringkit Market and Galiran is recommended for vaccination and more attention to the market management and the free-range chicken maintenance system.

Combined usage of rHVT-H5 and Re-6 vaccines towards an effective avian influenza vaccination program for commercial layer chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-11
Author(s):  
Md Zulfekar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Vector Vaccine ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Layer Chickens

Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 is one of the possible means to protect chickens against its outbreak in endemic countries. Early vaccination of layer birds with recombinant vector vaccine based on turkey herpesvirus expressing H5 gene (rHVT-H5) provides longer protection while inactivated vaccine Re-6 needs multiple booster doses to achieve continuous antibody titer. Therefore, this study was carried out to offer a vaccination program using live rHVT-H5 and inactivated Re-6 vaccines in field condition. For this trial, five ISA brown commercial layer chicken farms were raised with 500 birds per farm. Two licensed vaccines- rHVT-H5 and Re-6 in Bangladesh were used for this trial where birds in farms 1 and 2 were administered only rHVT-H5 vaccine at one-day-old, and farms 3 and 4 rHVT-H5 vaccine at one-day-old then boosted with Re-6 vaccine at 25 weeks of age. Farm 5 was not vaccinated and functioned as control. Blood samples were randomly collected from 20 birds in each farm at 3-week interval from 2 weeks old till 65 weeks and harvested serum analyzed by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for antibodies against HPAIV H5N1. The titer of haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies against AIV H5N1 on farms 3 and 4 was considerably high and remained up to 65 weeks. However, in farm 1 and 2 there was decline in antibody titer after 56 weeks of age. This study demonstrated that the combined use of rHVT-H5 vaccine at one-day-old and Re-6 at 25 weeks of age enhanced a longer lasting protective antibody against circulating HPAIV H5N1 in commercial layer chickens in Bangladesh. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 9-11

scholarly journals Pathobiology of the highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H7N1 and H5N8 in different chicken breeds and role of Mx 2032 G/A polymorphism in infection outcome

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Sánchez-González ◽  
Antonio Ramis ◽  
Miquel Nofrarías ◽  
Nabil Wali ◽  
Rosa Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
Chicken Breeds

Abstract Chickens are highly susceptible to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). However, the severity of infection varies depending of the viral strain and the genetic background of the host. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenesis of two HPAIVs (H7N1 and H5N8) and assessed the susceptibility to the infection of local and commercial chicken breeds from Spain. Eight chicken breeds were intranasally inoculated with 105 ELD50 of A/Chicken/Italy/5093/1999 (H7N1) or A/Goose/Spain/IA17CR02699/2017 (H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4. B) and monitored during 10 days. Chickens were highly susceptible to both HPAIVs, but H7N1 was considerably more virulent than H5N8 as demonstrated by the highest mortality rates and shortest mean death times (MDT). Both HPAIVs produced severe necrosis and intense viral replication in the central nervous system, heart and pancreas; however, the lesions and replication in other tissues were virus-dependent. High levels of viral RNA were detected by the oral route with both viruses. In contrast, a low number of H5N8-inoculated chickens shed by the cloacal route, demonstrating a different pattern of viral shedding dependent of the HPAIV. We found a high variation in the susceptibility to HPAIVs between the different chicken breeds. The birds carrying the genotype AA and AG at position 2032 in chicken Mx gene presented a slightly higher, but not significant, percentage of survival and a statistically significant longer MDT than GG individuals. Our study demonstrated that the severity of HPAI infection is largely dependent of the viral isolate and host factors, underlining the complexity of HPAI infections.

Etiology and pathology of epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 infection in Egyptian chicken farms

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ali ◽  
G. Elmowalid ◽  
M. Abdel-Glil ◽  
T. Sharafeldin ◽  
F. Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Virus Identification ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Virus H5n1 ◽  
Commercial Chicken ◽  
History Of ◽  
Virus Distribution ◽  
Influenza H5n1

AbstractEpidemic outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) virus H5N1 have been frequently reported in Egypt during the last nine years. Here we investigate the involvement of AI H5N1 in outbreaks of acute respiratory disease that occurred in several commercial chicken farms in Egypt in 2011, and we describe to the pathology caused by the virus in the course of the outbreak.Twenty-one chicken farms with history of acute respiratory symptoms and high mortalities were screened for AI H5N1. Virus identification was based on hemagglutination inhibition test, and PCR detection and sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. Virus distribution was determined by immunohistochemical staining of AI antigens in organs of infected birds. Standard H&E staining was performed for histological examination of affected organs.Eighty-one % of the examined birds, representing 100% of the screened farms, were positive for AI H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the isolated virus reveals its affiliation to clade 2.2.1. Viral antigens were localized in the endothelial cells of the heart, liver, lungs and skin, where pathological lesions including congestion, hemorrhages, multifocal inflammation and necrosis were concurrently observed. According to the pattern of the viral antigen and lesion distribution in the visceral organs, we suggest cardiovascular and circulatory failures as the probable cause of death during these outbreaks. In conclusion, the present study further confirms the epidemic status of AI H5N1 virus in Egypt and reveals the highly pathogenic nature of the local isolates.

scholarly journals Epidemiological consequences of an incursion of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza into the British poultry flock

2007 ◽  
Vol 275 (1630) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran J Sharkey ◽  
Roger G Bowers ◽  
Kenton L Morgan ◽  
Susan E Robinson ◽  
Robert M Christley
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Poultry Flock ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Pathogenic H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza and in particular the H5N1 strain has resulted in the culling of millions of birds and continues to pose a threat to poultry industries worldwide. The recent outbreak of H5N1 in the UK highlights the need for detailed assessment of the consequences of an incursion and of the efficacy of control strategies. Here, we present results from a model of H5N1 propagation within the British poultry industry. We find that although the majority of randomly seeded incursions do not spread beyond the initial infected premises, there is significant potential for widespread infection. The efficacy of the European Union strategy for disease control is evaluated and our simulations emphasize the pivotal role of duck farms in spreading H5N1.

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