The distinct epidemic characteristics of HCV co-infection among HIV-1-infected population caused by drug injection and sexual transmission in Yunnan, China

Abstract Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was frequent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients in Yunnan province. We studied the epidemic characteristics of HCV in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Serum from 894 HIV-1 patients was collected, together with basic information and biochemical features. All samples were infected with HIV through injecting drug users (IDUs) and sexual transmission (ST). The NS5B gene was amplified and sequenced to affirm HCV genotype. In total, 202 HIV patients were co-infected with HCV, and most (81.19%) of co-infected patients were IDUs. Genotype 3b was predominant (37.62%) in these samples, and its frequency was similar in patients with IDU and ST. The frequencies of genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a, 6a, 6n, 2a and 6u were 3.96%, 16.34%, 23.76%, 6.93%, 10.40%, 0.50% and 0.50%, respectively. However, genotype 3a showed significantly different frequency in HCV patients with IDU and ST (P = 0.019). When HCV patients were divided into subgroups, the haemoglobin (HGB) level was significantly higher in patients with genotype 3a than in patients with 3b (P = 0.033), 6a (P = 0.006) and 6n (P = 0.007), respectively. Although no difference existed among HCV subgroups, HIV-viral load was identified to be positively correlated with the HGB level and CD4+ cells when dividing HCV/HIV co-infected persons into male and female groups. In conclusion, genotype 3b was the predominant HCV genotype in Yunnan HIV/HCV co-infected persons. The HGB level was higher in patients with genotype 3a than others. HIV-viral load was positively correlated with the HGB level and CD4+ cells in the male or female HCV-infected group.

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Cluster of differentiation 4+ T-cell counts and human immunodeficiency virus-1 viral load in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/jlp.jlp_37_17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (02) ◽

pp. 162-167

Author(s):

Sakshee Gupta ◽

Bharti Malhotra ◽

Jitendra Kumar Tiwari ◽

Prabhu Dayal Khandelwal ◽

Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

T Cell ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Cd4 T Cell ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Cell Counts ◽

B Virus ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cluster Of Differentiation ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coinfections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with hepatitis viruses may affect the progress of disease and response to therapy. OBJECTIVES: To study the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfections in HIV–positive patients and their influence on HIV–1 viral load and cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T–cell counts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This pilot study was done on 179 HIV–positive patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) centre. Their blood samples were tested for HIV-1 viral load, CD4+ T–cell counts, hepatitis B surface antigen, anti–HCV antibodies, HBV DNA and HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Among the 179 patients, 7.82% (14/179) were coinfected with HBV and 4.46% (8/179) with HCV. Median CD4+ T–cell count of HIV monoinfected patients was 200 cells/µl and viral load was 1.67 log10 copies/µl. Median CD4+ T–cell counts of 193 cells/µl for HBV (P = 0.230) and 197 cells/µl for HCV (P = 0.610) coinfected patients were similar to that of HIV monoinfected patients. Viral load was higher in both HBV and HCV infected patients but statistically significant only for HCV (P = 0.017). Increase in CD4+ T–cell counts and decrease in HIV–1 viral load in coinfected patients on 2 years of ART were lower than that in HIV monoinfected patients. CONCLUSION: HBV/HCV coinfected HIV patients had similar CD4+ T–cell counts as in HIV monoinfected patients, higher HIV viral load both in chemo–naive patients and in those on ART as compared to HIV monoinfected patients. However, this study needs to be done on a large scale to assess the impact of coinfection on CD4 count and HIV viral load with proper follow–up of patients every 6 months till at least 2 years.

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Wide Variation in the Multiplicity of HIV-1 Infection among Injection Drug Users

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00077-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 84 (12) ◽

pp. 6241-6247 ◽

Cited By ~ 150

Author(s):

Katharine J. Bar ◽

Hui Li ◽

Annie Chamberland ◽

Cecile Tremblay ◽

Jean Pierre Routy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Injection Drug Users ◽

Drug Users ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Injection Drug ◽

Productive Infection ◽

Mucosal Barrier ◽

Single Genome ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Recent studies indicate that sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) generally results from productive infection by only one virus, a finding attributable to the mucosal barrier. Surprisingly, a recent study of injection drug users (IDUs) from St. Petersburg, Russia, also found most subjects to be acutely infected by a single virus. Here, we show by single-genome amplification and sequencing in a different IDU cohort that 60% of IDU subjects were infected by more than one virus, including one subject who was acutely infected by at least 16 viruses. Multivariant transmission was more common in IDUs than in heterosexuals (60% versus 19%; odds ratio, 6.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37 to 31.27; P = 0.008). These findings highlight the diversity in HIV-1 infection risks among different IDU cohorts and the challenges faced by vaccines in protecting against this mode of infection.

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Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Use, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 RNA Suppression, and Medical Causes of Hospitalization Among HIV-Infected Intravenous Drug Users in the Late ART Era

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofu010 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gabriel Vallecillo ◽

Sergio Mojal ◽

Marta Torrens ◽

Roberto Muga

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

Drug Users ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Organ Damage ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Intravenous Drug Users ◽

Discharge Diagnosis ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

Abstract Background. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the rates and changed the causes of hospital admission. However, human immunodeficiency virus-positive intravenous drug users (HIV-IDU) continue to have increased hospitalizations and discharge diagnosis are less defined in the late ART era. Our aim was to examine ART use, HIV-1 RNA suppression, and hospital discharge diagnoses among HIV-IDU admitted to an urban hospital. Methods. A retrospective analysis was made of HIV-IDU admitted for medical causes for the first time (2006–2010). Surgical, obstetric, or mental (except HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder) diagnoses were excluded. Clinical characteristics, number of admissions, and primary discharge diagnoses were determined for each patient. Results. Three hundred and seventy-five admissions were recorded among 197 hospitalized HIV-IDU. Lifetime prevalence of ART use was 83.2% (164 of 197) and the rate of HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL was 38.1% (75 of 197). Primary discharge diagnosis groups were as follows: bacterial infections (59.2%), chronic end-organ damage (16.8%), complications derived from injected drug use (16.8%), malignancies (9.1%), and opportunistic infections (6.6%). Chronic end-organ damage was diagnosed more frequently in patients with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL (36% vs 4.9%; P < .000), and complications derived from injected drug use (23.8% vs 5.3%; P < .0008) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) opportunistic infections (19.8% vs 1.3% P < .019) were usually diagnosed in patients with HIV-1 RNA detectable viral load. Conclusions. Human immunodeficiency virus-positive intravenous drug users are admitted to hospitals mainly for non-AIDS-related illnesses; however, sustained HIV-1 RNA viral load suppression is poor and determines hospital discharge diagnoses. Providers need to be aware of the management of HIV-related comorbidities and reinforce strategies to improve ART retention in this population.

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Seroprevalence of HCV markers among HIV infected patients from Curitiba and metropolitan region

Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1806-9282.62.01.65 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 65-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Regina Tizzot ◽

Caroline Grisbach ◽

Marcia Holsbach Beltrame ◽

Iara José de Taborda Messias-Reason

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Medical Records ◽

Drug Users ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Route Of Transmission ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hcv Coinfection

SUMMARY Objective: to determine the prevalence and epidemiological factors associated with hepatitis (HCV) coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients from Curitiba and the metropolitan region. Methods: a study with 303 HIV+ patients, mean age 41.2 years (18-73); 50.5% men, followed at the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, between April 2008 and March 2009. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained through questionnaires and retrospective analysis of medical records. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: a total of 12.9% of HIV+ patients were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, 64.1% were men and 35.9% women, with mean age of 44.5 years (24-66). The frequency of HCV among men was 16.7% and among women 9.1% (p=0.06). HCV prevalence was associated to HIV infection when compared to the general population (p<10-6, OR=100.4; 95CI=13.7-734.9). The parenteral route of transmission was the most frequent among coinfected patients (46.1%), and the sexual transmission among HIV+/HCV- (71.8%) (p=0.02, OR=0.2; 95CI=0.1-0.7). The frequency of intravenous drug users was higher among the coinfected patients (61.5%) compared to the non coinfected (12.6%) (p<10-6, OR=11.1; 95CI=4.5-27.7). Conclusion: the prevalence of coinfection with HCV in HIV+ patients is 12.9%, 88 times higher than in the general population in Curitiba. The most frequent route of transmission in the coinfected patients is parenteral, but the sexual route is also representative (34.6%).

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Concentrations of Circulating β-Chemokines Do Not Correlate with Viral Load in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.5.4.499-502.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 499-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vellalore N. Kakkanaiah ◽

Emmanuel A. Ojo-Amaize ◽

James B. Peter

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

Patient Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The CC or β-chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES are the primary components of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-suppressive soluble factors in vitro. We studied the relationship between the concentrations of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES in plasma and HIV viral load in HIV-infected subjects. The HIV-positive patient group (n = 140) had significantly lower concentrations of all three β-chemokines (MIP-1α,P < 0.0005; MIP-1β, P < 0.005; RANTES, P < 0.0005) than the control group (n = 58 for MIP-1α, n = 27 for MIP-1β, and n = 59 for RANTES). In addition, we divided the patient group into three subgroups (high, moderate, and low) based on the number of HIV-1 RNA copies in the plasma (as measured by quantitative HIV RNA PCR). Again, all three subgroups had significantly lower concentrations of the β-chemokines than the HIV-negative control group. However, there was no significant difference in plasma β-chemokine concentrations among the three subgroups within the patient group (P < 0.3). Although our results demonstrate that HIV-infected individuals had significantly lower concentrations of circulating β-chemokines than healthy uninfected control subjects, we found no correlation between the concentrations of β-chemokines in plasma and HIV-1 viral load in HIV-infected individuals.

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the Study to Evaluate the Safety of UB-421 in Combination With Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and the Efficacy in Reduction of HIV Viral Load and Proviral DNA as Compared to ART Alone in ART-experienced Viremic HIV-1 Patients

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04041362 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Proviral Dna ◽

Hiv 1

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Frequency of Cytomegalovirus Viral Load in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients with CD4+ Counts <100 Cells/mm3

Intervirology ◽

10.1159/000514385 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Mohammad Reza Jabbari ◽

Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽

Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽

Mohammad Gholami ◽

Leila Sadeghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Viral Load ◽

Cell Count ◽

Previous History ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Cd4 Cell ◽

Hiv 1

Objectives: The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3 and to explore whether CMV DNA loads correlate with CD4+ cell counts or associated retinitis. Methods: This study was conducted at the AIDS research center in Iran on HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count <100 cells/mm3, antiretroviral therapy-naive, aged ≥18 years with no previous history of CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD). Results: Thirty-nine of 82 patients (47.56%) had detectable CMV viral load ranging from 66 to 485,500 IU/mL. CMV viral load in patients with retinitis ranges from 352 to 2,720 IU/mL, and it was undetectable in 2 patients. No significant associations between CMV viremia and CD4+ cell count was found (p value = 0.31), whereas significant association of CMV viremia in HIV-infected patients with retinitis was found (p < 0.02). Conclusions: We estimated the frequency of CMV viral load infection in Iranian HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4+ cell count <100 mm3/mL in the largest national referral center for HIV-1 infection in Iran. Further research is required on the relevance of CMV viral load in diagnostic and prognostic value of CMV-EOD.

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