scholarly journals Resolving the organization of the third tier visual cortex in primates: A hypothesis-based approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA ANGELUCCI ◽  
MARCELLO G.P. ROSA
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
New World ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
The Third

AbstractAs highlighted by several contributions to this special issue, there is still ongoing debate about the number, exact location, and boundaries of the visual areas located in cortex immediately rostral to the second visual area (V2), i.e., the “third tier” visual cortex, in primates. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the main ideas that have led to four models of third tier cortex organization, which are at the center of today's debate. We formulate specific predictions of these models, and compare these predictions with experimental evidence obtained primarily in New World primates. From this analysis, we conclude that only one of these models (the “multiple-areas” model) can accommodate the breadth of available experimental evidence. According to this model, most of the third tier cortex in New World primates is occupied by two distinct areas, both representing the full contralateral visual quadrant: the dorsomedial area (DM), restricted to the dorsal half of the third visual complex, and the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP), occupying its ventral half and a substantial fraction of its dorsal half. DM belongs to the dorsal stream of visual processing, and overlaps with macaque parietooccipital (PO) area (or V6), whereas VLP belongs to the ventral stream and overlaps considerably with area V3 proposed by others. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that is inconsistent with the concept of a single elongated area V3 lining much of V2. We also review the experimental evidence from macaque monkey and humans, and propose that, once the data are interpreted within an evolutionary-developmental context, these species share a homologous (but not necessarily identical) organization of the third tier cortex as that observed in New World monkeys. Finally, we identify outstanding issues, and propose experiments to resolve them, highlighting in particular the need for more extensive, hypothesis-driven investigations in macaque and humans.

scholarly journals Referential alarm calling behaviour in New World primates

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiane Cäsar ◽  
Klaus Zuberbühler
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Human Language ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Old World ◽  
Call Type ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract There is relatively good evidence that non-human primates can communicate about objects and events in their environment in ways that allow recipients to draw inferences about the nature of the event experienced by the signaller. In some species, there is also evidence that the basic semantic units are not individual calls, but call sequences and the combinations generated by them. These two findings are relevant to theories pertaining to the origins of human language because of the resemblances of these phenomena with linguistic reference and syntactic organisation. Until recently, however, most research efforts on the primate origins of human language have involved Old World species with comparatively few systematic studies on New World monkeys, which has prevented insights into the deeper phylogenetic roots and evolutionary origins of language-relevant capacities. To address this, we review the older primate literature and very recent evidence for functionally referential communication and call combinations in New World primates. Within the existing literature there is ample evidence in both Callitrichids and Ce-bids for acoustically distinct call variants given to external disturbances that are accompanied by distinct behavioural responses. A general pattern is that one call type is typically produced in response to a wide range of general disturbances, often on the ground but also including inter-group encounters, while another call type is produced in response to a much narrower range of aerial threats. This pattern is already described for Old World monkeys and Prosimians, suggesting an early evolutionary origin. Second, recent work with black-fronted titi monkeys has produced evidence for different alarm call sequences consisting of acoustically distinct call types. These sequences appear to encode several aspects of the predation event simultaneously, notably predator type and location. Since meaningful call sequences have already been described in Old World primates, we suggest that basic combinatorial vocal communication has evolved in the primate lineage long before the advent of language. Moreover, it is possible that some of these communicative abilities have evolved even earlier, or independently, as there is comparable evidence in other taxonomic groups. We discuss these findings in an attempt to shed further light on the primate stock from which human language has arisen.

scholarly journals Design of cages and diet for metabolic studies using small new world primates

1971 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Synthetic Diet ◽  
Metabolic Studies ◽  
Stainless Steel Cage

Metabolic studies using monkeys are difficult. Some of the problems involved are discussed. A stainless-steel cage unit, suitable for metabolic studies using small New World monkeys, is described. The composition and method of preparation of an appropriate pelleted, semi-synthetic diet is also described.

scholarly journals A Disynaptic Relay from Superior Colliculus to Dorsal Stream Visual Cortex in Macaque Monkey

Neuron ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Lyon ◽  
Jonathan J. Nassi ◽  
Edward M. Callaway
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Macaque Monkey

scholarly journals Tissue expression of antigens of ABH blood groups in species of New World Monkeys (Aotus infulatus, Callithrix jacchus, Sapajus apella and Saimiri sciureus)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241487
Author(s):  
Délia Cristina Figueira Aguiar ◽  
Washington Luiz Assunção Pereira ◽  
Gyselly de Cássia Bastos de Matos ◽  
Klena Sarges Marruaz da Silva ◽  
Rosane do Socorro Pompeu de Loiola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Sapajus Apella ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
Species Specific

ABH antigens are histo-antigens, but were first described on the surface of human erythrocytes. They are found in those cells only in great apes and humans, while in more primitive animals they are found in tissues and body fluids. ABH antigens are mainly distributed in tissues that are in contact with the external environment and may serve as ligands for pathogens in tissues or block their connection. Description of the distribution of these molecules in non-human primate tissues is restricted to a few tissues and species. This paper describes the expression of human A, B and H type antigens in different organs from four species of New World Primates, obtained from the Centro Nacional de Primatas, as well as comparing that expression with what has been described for humans. In this study, although the tissue description of the antigens is similar to the genetic model for humans, some differences in expression between some organs from those species and those of humans were found. The differences occurred mainly in endodermal organs that have secretory functions and are probably under the control of the human-type FUT-2 enzyme. In the mesodermal-origin organs there was a reduction or absence of A and B antigen marking, particularly in the H precursor substance, indicating that those organs are under the control of the human-type FUT-1 enzyme. These findings have demonstrated that there is similar ABH antigen reactivity in tissue distribution between the species, although there are some species-specific cases.

Craniodental Allometry, Prenatal Growth Rates, and the Evolutionary Loss of the Third Molars in New World Monkeys

2018 ◽  
Vol 302 (8) ◽  
pp. 1419-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesla A. Monson ◽  
Jeffrey L. Coleman ◽  
Leslea J. Hlusko
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
New World ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prenatal Growth

scholarly journals The case for primate V3

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1729) ◽  
pp. 625-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Lyon ◽  
Jason D. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Field Representation ◽  
Primate Visual Cortex ◽  
Organizational Feature

The visual system in primates is represented by a remarkably large expanse of the cerebral cortex. While more precise investigative studies that can be performed in non-human primates contribute towards understanding the organization of the human brain, there are several issues of visual cortex organization in monkey species that remain unresolved. In all, more than 20 areas comprise the primate visual cortex, yet there is little agreement as to the exact number, size and visual field representation of all but three. A case in point is the third visual area, V3. It is found relatively early in the visual system hierarchy, yet over the last 40 years its organization and even its very existence have been a matter of debate among prominent neuroscientists. In this review, we discuss a large body of recent work that provides straightforward evidence for the existence of V3. In light of this, we then re-examine results from several seminal reports and provide parsimonious re-interpretations in favour of V3. We conclude with analysis of human and monkey functional magnetic resonance imaging literature to make the case that a complete V3 is an organizational feature of all primate species and may play a greater role in the dorsal stream of visual processing.

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