Sub-millimolar cobalt selectively inhibits the receptive field surround of retinal neurons

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOZSEF VIGH ◽  
PAUL WITKOVSKY
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Feedback Circuit ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Low Concentrations

Recent work has indicated that cobalt, at sub-millimolar concentrations, blocks horizontal cell (HC) to cone feedback, without attenuating direct cone to second-order cell synaptic transmission. We utilized low concentrations (0.25–0.5 mM) of cobalt to test the contribution of the feedback circuit, and other possible cobalt-sensitive mechanisms, to the receptive-field surrounds of retinal neurons. In the great majority of cases, low cobalt blocked ganglion cell surrounds, and it invariably blocked driving the ganglion cell by extrinsic current injected into the HC network. Although low cobalt reduced the integrating area of the HC network, dopamine, which similarly constricted the HC receptive area, did not block ganglion cell surrounds. Low cobalt reduced a late depolarizing wave in the HC light-evoked waveform and selectively suppressed the depolarizing component of chromatic HCs, both signs of HC to cone feedback. Low cobalt also reduced or blocked completely the receptive-field surrounds of a small sample of bipolar and amacrine cells. These results implicate the HC to cone feedback synapse in the formation of the receptive-field surround of retinal neurons.

scholarly journals Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. III. A model of ganglion cell receptive field organization based on chloride-free experiments.

1976 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Miller ◽  
R F Dacheux
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization

A chloride-free environment produces selective changes in the retinal network which include a separation of on and off channels. The identification of chloride-sensitive and insensitivie neuronal activity permits identification of some of the connections and intervening polarities of synaptic interactions which are expressed in ganglion cell receptive field organization. These experiments support previous suggestions that surround antagonism is dependent on horizontal cell activity. In addition they suggest a model of the neuronal connections which subserve on-center, off-center, and on-off ganglion cells. Experimental tests of the on-off ganglion cell model favor the idea that this type of ganglion cell receives inhibitory input from amacrine cells and excitatory activation from depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells.

Functional organization of catfish retina

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Naka
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Type A ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
The Other

1. The basic organization of the biphasic (or concentric) receptive field is established in the bipolar cells as the result of an interaction between two signals, one local representing the activity of a small number of receptors, and the other integrating (19, 20) or global (28) coming from the S space or a lamina formed by the horizontal cells (8, 14, 22, 29). 2. Bipolar-ganglion cell pairs are segregated into two types; A (on center) and B (off center) pairs. A depolarization of a bipolar cell produces spike discharges from ganglion cells of the same type and a hyperpolarization depresses their discharges. I haven't detected any cross talk between the types A and B pairs. Bipolar and ganglion cells must be interfaced by the classical chemical synapses, the only such kind in the catfish retina. 3. Horizontal and type N neurons form two lateral transmission systems, one distal and the other proximal (19, 20). Signals in the lateral systems are shared by the two receptive-field types and are not excitatory or inhibitory in themselves; it is incumbent upon the postsynaptic neurons to decide the polarity of the synaptic transmission. The horizontal cell participates directly in the formation of biphasic receptive fields of bipolar cells by providing their surrounding, whereas type N neuron seems to modify the receptive-field organization established in the bipolar cells. 4. Type N neurons are amacrine cells because they do not produce spike discharges (2, 18, 21) and because they influence the activity of both A and B receptive fields. 5. The function of the type C neuron is as unique as its structure (21) and is not fully clear as yet. It is not a conventional amacrine cell as the type N appears to be, nor is it a classical ganglion cell which forms either a type A or B receptive field (2). 6. Type Y neurons are a class of ganglion cells which forms either a type A or B receptive field.

scholarly journals Synaptic inputs to the ganglion cells in the tiger salamander retina.

1979 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
D F Wunk ◽  
F S Werblin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Hybrid Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Input ◽  
Tiger Salamander ◽  
Synaptic Inputs

The postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) that form the ganglion cell light response were isolated by polarizing the cell membrane with extrinsic currents while stimulating at either the center or surround of the cell's receptive field. The time-course and receptive field properties of the PSPs were correlated with those of the bipolar and amacrine cells. The tiger salamander retina contains four main types of ganglion cell: "on" center, "off" center, "on-off", and a "hybrid" cell that responds transiently to center, but sustainedly, to surround illumination. The results lead to these inferences. The on-ganglion cell receives excitatory synpatic input from the on bipolars and that synapse is "silent" in the dark. The off-ganglion cell receives excitatory synaptic input from the off bipolars with this synapse tonically active in the dark. The on-off and hybrid ganglion cells receive a transient excitatory input with narrow receptive field, not simply correlated with the activity of any presynaptic cell. All cell types receive a broad field transient inhibitory input, which apparently originates in the transient amacrine cells. Thus, most, but not all, ganglion cell responses can be explained in terms of synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells, integrated at the ganglion cell membrane.

Functional Circuitry for Peripheral Suppression in Mammalian Y-Type Retinal Ganglion Cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 4327-4340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kareem A. Zaghloul ◽  
Michael B. Manookin ◽  
Bart G. Borghuis ◽  
Kwabena Boahen ◽  
Jonathan B. Demb
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Voltage Clamp ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
High Spatial Frequency ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion

A retinal ganglion cell receptive field is made up of an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround. The surround has two components: one driven by horizontal cells at the first synaptic layer and one driven by amacrine cells at the second synaptic layer. Here we characterized how amacrine cells inhibit the center response of on- and off-center Y-type ganglion cells in the in vitro guinea pig retina. A high spatial frequency grating (4–5 cyc/mm), beyond the spatial resolution of horizontal cells, drifted in the ganglion cell receptive field periphery to stimulate amacrine cells. The peripheral grating suppressed the ganglion cell spiking response to a central spot. Suppression of spiking was strongest and observed most consistently in off cells. In intracellular recordings, the grating suppressed the subthreshold membrane potential in two ways: a reduced slope (gain) of the stimulus-response curve by ∼20–30% and, in off cells, a tonic ∼1-mV hyperpolarization. In voltage clamp, the grating increased an inhibitory conductance in all cells and simultaneously decreased an excitatory conductance in off cells. To determine whether center response inhibition was presynaptic or postsynaptic (shunting), we measured center response gain under voltage-clamp and current-clamp conditions. Under both conditions, the peripheral grating reduced center response gain similarly. This result suggests that reduced gain in the ganglion cell subthreshold center response reflects inhibition of presynaptic bipolar terminals. Thus amacrine cells suppressed ganglion cell center response gain primarily by inhibiting bipolar cell glutamate release.

scholarly journals Distinct synaptic mechanisms create parallel S-ON and S-OFF color opponent pathways in the primate retina

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS M. DACEY ◽  
JOANNA D. CROOK ◽  
ORIN S. PACKER
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Field Center ◽  
Differential Weighting ◽  
Receptive Field Center ◽  
Synaptic Mechanisms

AbstractAnatomical and physiological approaches are beginning to reveal the synaptic origins of parallel ON- and OFF-pathway retinal circuits for the transmission of short (S-) wavelength sensitive cone signals in the primate retina. Anatomical data suggest that synaptic output from S-cones is largely segregated; central elements of synaptic triads arise almost exclusively from the “blue-cone” bipolar cell, a presumed ON bipolar, whereas triad-associated contacts derive primarily from the “flat” midget bipolar cell, a hyperpolarizing, OFF bipolar. Similarly, horizontal cell connectivity is also segregated, with only the H2 cell-type receiving numerous contacts from S-cones. Negative feedback from long (L-) and middle (M-) wavelength sensitive cones via the H2 horizontal cells elicits an antagonistic surround in S-cones demonstrating that S versus L + M or “blue-yellow” opponency is first established in the S-cone. However, the S-cone output utilizes distinct synaptic mechanisms to create color opponency at the ganglion cell level. The blue-cone bipolar cell is presynaptic to the small bistratified, “blue-ON” ganglion cell. S versus L + M cone opponency arises postsynaptically by converging S-ON and LM-OFF excitatory bipolar inputs to the ganglion cell’s bistratified dendritic tree. The common L + M cone surrounds of the parallel S-ON and LM-OFF cone bipolar inputs appear to cancel resulting in “blue-yellow” antagonism without center-surround spatial opponency. By contrast, in midget ganglion cells, opponency arises by the differential weighting of cone inputs to the receptive field center versus surround. In the macula, the “private-line” connection from a midget ganglion cell to a single cone predicts that S versus L + M opponency is transmitted from the S-cone to the S-OFF midget bipolar and ganglion cell. Beyond the macula, OFF-midget ganglion cell dendritic trees enlarge and collect additional input from multiple L and M cones. Thus S-OFF opponency via the midget pathway would be expected to become more complex in the near retinal periphery as L and/or M and S cone inputs sum to the receptive field center. An important goal for further investigation will be to explore the hypothesis that distinct bistratified S-ON versus midget S-OFF retinal circuits are the substrates for human psychophysical detection mechanisms attributed to S-ON versus S-OFF perceptual channels.

scholarly journals Synchronous inhibitory pathways create both efficiency and diversity in the retina

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Manu ◽  
Lane T. McIntosh ◽  
David B. Kastner ◽  
Benjamin N. Naecker ◽  
Stephen A. Baccus
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Wide Range

Visual information is conveyed from the retina to the brain by a diverse set of retinal ganglion cells. Although they have differing nonlinear properties, nearly all ganglion cell receptive fields on average compute a difference in intensity across space and time using a region known as the classical or linear surround1,2, a property that improves information transmission about natural visual scenes3,4. The spatiotemporal visual features that create this fundamental property have not been quantitatively assigned to specific interneurons. Here we describe a generalizable causal approach using simultaneous intracellular and multielectrode recording to directly measure and manipulate the sensory feature conveyed by a neural pathway to a downstream neuron. Analyzing two inhibitory cell classes, horizontal cells and linear amacrine cells, we find that rather than transmitting different temporal features, the two inhibitory pathways act synchronously to create the salamander ganglion cell surround at different spatial scales. Using these measured visual features and theories of efficient coding, we computed a fitness landscape representing the information transmitted using different weightings of the two inhibitory pathways. This theoretical landscape revealed a ridge that maintains near-optimal information transmission while allowing for receptive field diversity. The ganglion cell population showed a striking match to this prediction, concentrating along this ridge across a wide range of positions using different weightings of amacrine or horizontal cell visual features. These results show how parallel neural pathways synthesize a sensory computation, and why this architecture achieves the potentially competing objectives of high information transmission of individual ganglion cells, and diversity among receptive fields.

scholarly journals Synaptic organization and ionic basis of on and off channels in mudpuppy retina. II. Chloride-dependent ganglion cell mechanisms.

1976 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Miller ◽  
R F Dacheux
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ◽  
Field Organization ◽  
Receptive Field Organization ◽  
Ionic Basis

Extracellular ganglion cell recordings in the perfused mudpuppy eyecup show that a chloride-free (c-f) perfusate abolishes the center and surround excitation of on-center cells, the surround excitation of off-center cells, and the on discharge of on-off cells. These changes in ganglion cell receptive field organization are anticipated in view of the effects of a c-f environment on the neurons which are presynaptic to the ganglion cells. However, chloride-dependent inhibitory postsynaptic (IPS) responses have been observed in on-off ganglion cells. These inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP's) are preceeded by (ESPS's) exitatory postsynaptic potentials and are apparently mediated by amacrine cells. The light-activated hyperpolarization of off cells is not the result of a chloride-dependent IPSP and probably results from disfacilitation.

Ultraviolet colour opponency in the turtle retina

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (14) ◽  
pp. 2527-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Ventura ◽  
Y. Zana ◽  
J. M. de Souza ◽  
R. D. DeVoe
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Sensitivity Function ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity Function

SUMMARY We have examined the functional architecture of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans retina with respect to colour processing, extending spectral stimulation into the ultraviolet, which has not been studied previously in the inner retina. We addressed two questions. (i) Is it possible to deduce the ultraviolet cone spectral sensitivity function through horizontal cell responses? (ii) Is there evidence for tetrachromatic neural mechanisms, i.e. UV/S response opponency? Using a constant response methodology we have isolated the ultraviolet cone input into the S/LM horizontal cell type and described it in fine detail. Monophasic (luminosity), biphasic L/M (red-green) and triphasic S/LM (yellow-blue) horizontal cells responded strongly to ultraviolet light. The blue-adapted spectral sensitivity function of a S/LM cell peaked in the ultraviolet and could be fitted to a porphyropsin cone template with a peak at 372nm. In the inner retina eight different combinations of spectral opponency were found in the centre of the receptive field of ganglion cells. Among amacrine cells the only types found were UVSM−L+ and its reverse. One amacrine and four ganglion cells were also opponent in the receptive field surround. UV/S opponency, seen in three different types of ganglion cell, provides a neural basis for discrimination of ultraviolet colours. In conclusion, the results strongly suggest that there is an ultraviolet channel and a neural basis for tetrachromacy in the turtle retina.

Extra-receptive-field motion facilitation in on-off directionally selective ganglion cells of the rabbit retina

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin R. Amthor ◽  
Norberto M. Grzywacz ◽  
David K. Merwine
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Field Center ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Receptive Field Center

AbstractThe excitatory receptive-field centers of On-Off directionally selective (DS) ganglioncells of the rabbit retina correspond closely to the lateral extent of their dendritic arborizations. Some investigators have hypothesized from this that theories for directionalselectivity that entail a lateral spread of excitation from outside the ganglion cell dendritic tree, such as from starburst amacrine cells, are therefore untenable. We show herethat significant motion facilitation is conducted from well outside the classical excitatory receptive-field center (and, therefore, dendritic arborization) of On-Off DS ganglioncells for preferred-direction, but not null-direction moving stimuli. These results are consistent with a role in directional selectivity for cells with processes lying beyond the On-Off ganglion cell's excitatory receptive-field center. These results also highlight the fundamental distinction in retinal ganglion cell receptive-field organization between classical excitatory mechanisms and those that facilitate other excitation without producing directly observable excitation by themselves.

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