Defying the stimulus: acquisition of complex onsets in Polish

Phonology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaja Jarosz
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Statistics ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Onset Clusters ◽  
Korean Speakers

Behavioural findings indicate that English, Mandarin and Korean speakers exhibit gradient sonority sequencing preferences among unattested initial clusters. While some have argued these results support an innate principle, recent modelling studies have questioned this conclusion, showing that computational models capable of inducing generalisations using abstract phonological features can detect these preferences from lexical statistics in the three languages. This paper presents a computational analysis of the development of initial clusters in Polish, which arguably presents a stronger test of these models. We show that (i) the statistics of Polish contradict the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), favouring sonority plateaus, (ii) models that succeed in the other languages do not predict SSP preferences for Polish and (iii) children nonetheless exhibit sensitivity to the SSP, favouring onset clusters with larger sonority rises.

scholarly journals Explaining sonority projection effects

Phonology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Daland ◽  
Bruce Hayes ◽  
James White ◽  
Marc Garellek ◽  
Andrea Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Lexical Statistics ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Onset Clusters

AbstractThe term sonority projection refers to behavioural distinctions speakers make between unattested phonological sequences on the basis of sonority. For example, among onset clusters, the well-formedness relation [bn]>[lb] is observed in speech perception, speech production and non-word acceptability (Davidson 2006, 2007, Berent et al.2007, Albright, ms). We begin by replicating the sonority projection effects in a non-word acceptability study. Then we evaluate the extent to which sonority projection is predicted by existing computational models of phonotactics (Coleman & Pierrehumbert 1997, Hayes & Wilson 2008, inter alia). We show that a model based only on lexical statistics can explain sonority projection in English without a pre-existing sonority sequencing principle. To do this, a model must possess (i) a featural system supporting sonority-based generalisations, and (ii) a context representation including syllabification or equivalent information.

Towards a Lexically Oriented Automatic Parsing

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Lucio Costa
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Distributed Control ◽  
Data Structures ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sono Stati ◽  
Use Context ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Context Free

RIASSUNTO La ricerca sul linguaggio naturale condotta in Intelligenza Artificiale si è sviluppata, malgrado le apparenze, in modo alquanto indipendente dal la-voro dei linguisti. Da un lato sono stati elaborati modelli computazionali delle facoltà di lunguaggio che si configurano come largamente autonomi rispetto a quelli sviluppati in linguistica. D'altro lato, l'implementazione dei sistemi è stata influenzata da soluzioni pragmatiche connesse all'efficacia computazionale delle regole indipendenti dal contesto, alla necessità di evitare componenti trasformazionali inversi e ad una concezione rappresenta-zionale del significato. Il presente articolo propone l'interesse dei lavori lin-guistici di Z. S. Harris e M. Gross ai fini dello sviluppo di un'analisi sintat-tica automatica che sia a controllo diffuso e incentrata sul comportamento idiosincratico delle unità lessicali. Essa è anche inquadrata nel tentativo di gettare luce sulla natura del processo denotazionale. SUMMARY In spite of the claim on the interactions between artificial intelligence (AI) and linguistics, AI research on natural language has developed independently from the work of linguists. On one hand, computational models of the faculties of language which are independent from the models developed in linguistics have been worked out. On the other hand, the AI system design has been oriented towards practical solutions, whose main motivations where to use context-free rules, to avoid an inverse transformational component, and to represent meanings by some data structures. This paper is about the linguistic works of Z.S. Harris and M. Gross to develop automatic distributed control parsing which takes seriously into account the indiosyncratic behaviour of the lexical items. The general framework for the discussion is the procedural nature of the denotational process.

Function of the Anterior Intermeniscal Ligament

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (01) ◽  
pp. 068-074
Author(s):  
Swithin Razu ◽  
Keiichi Kuroki ◽  
James Cook ◽  
Trent Guess
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Knee Biomechanics ◽  
Immunohistochemical Examination ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Knee Loading ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Neurologic Function ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe function and importance of the anterior intermeniscal ligament (AIML) of the knee are not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical and sensorimotor function of the AIML. Computational analysis was used to assess AIML and tibiomeniscofemoral biomechanics under combined translational and rotational loading applied during dynamic knee flexion–extension. Histologic and immunohistochemical examination was used to identify and characterize neural elements in the tissue. The computational models were created from anatomy and passive motion of two female subjects and histologic examinations were conducted on AIMLs retrieved from 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. It was found that AIML strain increased with compressive knee loading and that external rotation of the tibia unloads the AIML, suppressing the relationship between AIML strain and compressive knee loads. Extensive neural elements were located throughout the AIML tissue and these elements were distributed across the three AIML anatomical types. The AIMLs have a beneficial influence on knee biomechanics with decreased meniscal load sharing with AIML loss. The AIML plays a significant biomechanical and neurologic role in the sensorimotor functions of the knee. The major role for the AIML may primarily involve its neurologic function.

The Evolution of the Chinese Sìhū 四呼 Concept of Syllable Classification

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard VanNess Simmons
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Tradition ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Phonological Categories ◽  
Phonological Feature ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
The Prestige

Summary This paper examines the origins and evolution of the Chinese linguistic concept known as the sìhū 四呼 “four types of rime onset” that is frequently applied to the description and analysis of Mandarin and Chinese dialect phonology. Through the examination of phonological texts primarily of the Míng (1368–1644) and Qīng (1644–1911) periods, the author follows the evolution of the sìhū as a phonological feature and outlines the development of the sìhū concept as well as the evolution of the actual term “sìhū” The underlying phonology of the sìhū emerged following the divergence of Mandarin from the other dialects in the Sòng (960–1279), through the Yuán (1271–1386), and into the Míng. The discovery and description of the sìhū was closely related to developments in phonological analysis made by Míng scholars as they departed from Middle Chinese tradition (of the 7th to the 12th centuries) and mapped out contemporary Mandarin pronunciation, especially that of the prestige Mandarin koinē known as Guānhuà. The emergence and description of the sìhū are thus found to parallel the evolution of Mandarin, as the phonological categories the sìhū represent evolved in concert with characteristic Mandarin features. The attention that Míng and Qīng scholars gave to the rime onset types of the sìhū analysis demonstrates that the phonological features represented by this four-way paradigm were considered to be important elements of contemporary forms of prestige Mandarin.

scholarly journals Electroacoustic assessment of wireless remote microphone systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haniyeh Salehi ◽  
Vijay Parsa ◽  
Paula Folkeard
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Speech Intelligibility ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Acoustic Environments ◽  
Acoustic Conditions

Wireless remote microphones (RMs) transmit the desired acoustic signal to the hearing aid (HA) and facilitate enhanced listening in challenging environments. Fitting and verification of RMs, and benchmarking the relative performance of different RM devices in varied acoustic environments are of significant interest to Audiologists and RM developers. This paper investigates the application of instrumental speech intelligibility and quality metrics for characterizing the RM performance in two acoustic environments with varying amounts of background noise and reverberation. In both environments, two head and torso simulators (HATS) were placed 2 m apart, where one HATS served as the talker and the other served as the listener. Four RM systems were interfaced separately with a HA programmed to match the prescriptive targets for the N4 standard audiogram and placed on the listener HATS. The HA output in varied acoustic conditions was recorded and analyzed offline through computational models predicting speech intelligibility and quality. Results showed performance differences among the four RMs in the presence of noise and/or reverberation, with one RM exhibiting significantly better performance. Clinical implications and applications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Modelling auditory attention

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1714) ◽  
pp. 20160101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Merve Kaya ◽  
Mounya Elhilali
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Cocktail Party Problem ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Auditory Scenes

Sounds in everyday life seldom appear in isolation. Both humans and machines are constantly flooded with a cacophony of sounds that need to be sorted through and scoured for relevant information—a phenomenon referred to as the ‘cocktail party problem’. A key component in parsing acoustic scenes is the role of attention, which mediates perception and behaviour by focusing both sensory and cognitive resources on pertinent information in the stimulus space. The current article provides a review of modelling studies of auditory attention. The review highlights how the term attention refers to a multitude of behavioural and cognitive processes that can shape sensory processing. Attention can be modulated by ‘bottom-up’ sensory-driven factors, as well as ‘top-down’ task-specific goals, expectations and learned schemas. Essentially, it acts as a selection process or processes that focus both sensory and cognitive resources on the most relevant events in the soundscape; with relevance being dictated by the stimulus itself (e.g. a loud explosion) or by a task at hand (e.g. listen to announcements in a busy airport). Recent computational models of auditory attention provide key insights into its role in facilitating perception in cluttered auditory scenes. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Auditory and visual scene analysis’.

scholarly journals Towards a Comprehensive Assessment of Statistical Versus Soft Computing Models in Hydrology: Application to Monthly Pan Evaporation Prediction

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2451
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani ◽  
Behrooz Keshtegar ◽  
Ozgur Kisi ◽  
Miklas Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Soft Computing ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Computing Models

This paper evaluates six soft computational models along with three statistical data-driven models for the prediction of pan evaporation (EP). Accordingly, improved kriging—as a novel statistical model—is proposed for accurate predictions of EP for two meteorological stations in Turkey. In the standard kriging model, the input data nonlinearity effects are increased by using a nonlinear map and transferring input data from a polynomial to an exponential basic function. The accuracy, precision, and over/under prediction tendencies of the response surface method, kriging, improved kriging, multilayer perceptron neural network using the Levenberg–Marquardt (MLP-LM) as well as a conjugate gradient (MLP-CG), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), M5Tree and support vector regression (SVR) were compared. Overall, all the applied models were highly capable of predicting monthly EP in both stations with a mean absolute error (MAE) < 0.77 mm and a Willmott index (d) > 0.95. Considering periodicity as an input parameter, the MLP-LM provided better results than the other methods among the soft computing models (MAE = 0.492 mm and d = 0.981). However, the improved kriging method surpassed all the other models based on the statistical measures (MAE = 0.471 mm and d = 0.983). Finally, the outcomes of the Mann–Whitney test indicated that the applied soft computational models do not have significant superiority over the statistical ones (p-value > 0.65 at α = 0.01 and α = 0.05).

scholarly journals Empirically Observed Iconicity Levels of English Phonaesthemes

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahyun Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Language Group ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Korean Speakers

This paper aims to reveal to what extent the diagrammatic iconicity (i.e., form-meaning correspondences which are created by relating similar sets of forms with similar sets of meanings [Peirce, 1955, p. 104]) of English phonaesthemes (e.g., gl- in glitter, glisten, and glow) could manifest primary iconicity (i.e., iconicity that involves a sufficient similarity between sign and referent to allow the understanding that the former stands for the latter [Sonesson, 1997]). To serve the aim, the current research conducts a test, using a multiple-choice task in which groups of native English and Korean speakers choose the meanings of phonaesthemes in sets of aurally-presented nonsense English phonaesthemic words. If primary iconicity is carried by a phonaestheme, then both native and non-native listeners should be able to report with some consistency the putative meaning of the nonsense phonaesthemic words. If, on the other hand, a form-meaning correspondence is carried by secondary iconicity (where the existence of the sign-relation, given by convention or by being explicitly pointed out, is the precondition for noticing the similarity between sign and referent [Sonesson, 1997]), then neither language group is expected to deliver high correct guessing rates. The result showed that the purported meanings of sk- and tw- were correctly guessed by the Korean-speaking participants only, and those of cl-, gl-, sw-, gr-, sn-, and sq- were correctly guessed by the English-speaking participants only. The purported meanings of sp- and tr- were correctly guessed by neither language group. These findings show that individual phonaesthemes possess varying degrees of (primary) iconicity.

COMPUTATIONAL VS. IN VITRO APPROACH TO PREDICT AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF DRY POWDERS FOR INHALATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelisaveta Ignjatović ◽  
◽  
Tijana Šušteršič ◽  
Sandra Cvijić ◽  
Aleksandar Bodić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geometric Standard Deviation ◽  
Dry Powders ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
Discrete Phase ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Next Generation Impactor

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with discrete phase modeling (DPM) appeared as an alternative approach to the commonly used in vitro methods for the assessment of dry powders for inhalation (DPI) aerodynamic properties. The aim of this study was to compare the parameters that describe DPI aerodynamic performance, obtained computationally by CFD-DPM and in vitro by next generation impactor (NGI). The analyzed parameters included: emitted fraction (EF), fine particle fraction (FPF), mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and geometric standard deviation (GSD). The results showed that CFD-DPM simulated EF values were generally comparable to the NGI obtained values, but there were some differences between the results obtained by these two methods. On the other hand, CFD-DPM predicted MMAD values were almost twice bigger than the NGI determined values, while the predicted GSD values were lower than NGI obtained values. In addition, CFD-DPM predicted values indicated larger differences between MMAD for different formulations in comparison to the NGI results. The largest difference between CFD-DPM and NGI results was observed for FPF values. Namely, CFD-DPM predicted FPF values were markedly lower than the NGI determined values for four of five tested formulations. Overall, although the designed CFD-DPM model and NGI measurements provided comparable data on the DPI EF values, the other relevant parameters obtained by these two approaches largely diverged indicating the need for further refinement of computational models to fully capture DPI aerodynamic performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document