Allostasis and the development of internalizing and externalizing problems: Changing relations with physiological systems across adolescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Hastings ◽  
Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff ◽  
Bonnie Klimes-Dougan ◽  
Amber L. Allison ◽  
Laura Derose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing ◽  
Over Time

AbstractAllostasis, or the maintenance of stability through physiological change, refers to the process by which individuals adjust to the continually changing demands that are put upon somatic activity by salient events. Bauer and colleagues proposed that allostasis could be detected through patterns of the joint reactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis system under stressful conditions. We examined the associations between ANS and HPA reactivity and the development of externalizing and internalizing problems over 2 years in a sample of 215 adolescents. The interactions of ANS and HPA reactivity were contemporaneously associated with, and longitudinally predictive of, adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. Adolescents with symmetrical high reactivity across systems had more internalizing and fewer externalizing problems initially. Over time, both symmetrical and asymmetrical reactivity predicted increasing internalizing problems in girls, depending on the measure of ANS activity that was examined, heart rate, or blood pressure reactivity. Implications for the understanding of allostasis and the dynamic nature of the relations between multiple physiological regulatory systems and adolescents' developing psychopathology are discussed.

scholarly journals Advances on Parental Educational Styles Predictors of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jaime Humberto Moreno Méndez ◽  
José Pedro Espada Sánchez ◽  
Inmaculada Gómez Becerra
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Behaviors ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

The purposes of this study were to perform a psychometric analysis of the Parental Educational Styles Questionnaire and to evaluate its predictive validity on externalizing and internalizing problems in Colombian children. Participants were 680 parents (M= 37.34; SD= 9.2) of children aged between 8 and 12 years enrolled in public schools in Bogota, Colombia. The parental educational styles questionnaire and the child behavior checklist -parents format- were applied to the participants. The resulting model presents the best indicators of favorable fit according to confirmatory factorial analyses. These values show an internal consistence of the instrument. The results indicate that dysfunctional reaction to disobedience, communication difficulties and conflicts predicted internalizing and externalizing problems.

scholarly journals Adopted Children’s Behavioral Adjustment Over Time: Pre-Adoption Experiences and Adoptive Parenting

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-479
Author(s):  
Chloë Finet ◽  
Harriet J. Vermeer ◽  
Femmie Juffer ◽  
Patricia Bijttebier ◽  
Guy Bosmans
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Behavioral Adjustment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing ◽  
Over Time

We tested whether adoptive parenting played a role in the association between pre-adoption experiences and children’s adaptive (responsiveness) and maladaptive (internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, attention and sleep problems) behavioral adjustment over time. Ten-year-old girls, adopted at 13 months from institutional care ( n = 50) or foster care ( n = 42) in China to the Netherlands, participated 2 months (Time 1, N = 92), 6 months (Time 2, N = 92), and 9 years after adoption (Time 3, N = 87). At Times 1 and 2, the adoptees showed significantly fewer behavioral problems in many areas than non-adopted youth, with medium to large effect sizes. At Time 3, the adoptees showed similar rates of behavioral problems as non-adopted youth, with the exception of somewhat elevated levels of internalizing problems. Pre-adoption experiences were not associated with their behavioral adjustment. Furthermore, adoptive parenting did not moderate the association between pre-adoption experiences and behavioral adjustment over time. Nevertheless, the finding that the adoptees generally did not show above-average levels of behavioral problems illustrates that adoption had a positive impact on their development.

scholarly journals Bullying Victimization and Problem Video Gaming: The Mediating Role of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1930
Author(s):  
Jérémie Richard ◽  
Loredana Marchica ◽  
William Ivoska ◽  
Jeffrey Derevensky
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Bullying Victimization ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Problem Video Gaming ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Background: Adolescent victims of bullying are more likely to experience a range of mental health problems. Although research has investigated the relationship between bullying victimization and various addictive behaviors, the impact of bullying on problem video gaming (PVG) remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and PVG as mediated by the presence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Methods: Survey responses were collected from 6353 high-school students aged 12 to 18. Measures include bullying victimization (physical, verbal, cyber and indirect), internalizing (e.g., anxious and depressive symptoms) and externalizing (e.g., aggressive and delinquent problems) problems, and PVG (measured by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form). Results: Mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between verbal bullying and PVG was completely mediated by the presence of internalizing and externalizing problems. The relationship between physical bullying and PVG was completely mediated by externalizing problems and the relationship between cyberbullying and PVG was completely mediated by internalizing problems. Lastly, the relationship between indirect bullying and PVG was partially mediated by externalizing and internalizing problems. Conclusions: Results suggest that different types of bullying victimization are differentially associated with PVG, with mental health symptoms significantly mediating this relationship.

scholarly journals Role of temperament in early adolescent pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems using a bifactor model: Moderation by parenting and gender

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1487-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances L. Wang ◽  
Nancy Eisenberg ◽  
Carlos Valiente ◽  
Tracy L. Spinrad
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Early Adolescents ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Emotional Expressivity ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractWe contribute to the literature on the relations of temperament to externalizing and internalizing problems by considering parental emotional expressivity and child gender as moderators of such relations and examining prediction of pure and co-occurring problem behaviors during early to middle adolescence using bifactor models (which provide unique and continuous factors for pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems). Parents and teachers reported on children's (4.5- to 8-year-olds; N = 214) and early adolescents’ (6 years later; N = 168) effortful control, impulsivity, anger, sadness, and problem behaviors. Parental emotional expressivity was measured observationally and with parents’ self-reports. Early-adolescents’ pure externalizing and co-occurring problems shared childhood and/or early-adolescent risk factors of low effortful control, high impulsivity, and high anger. Lower childhood and early-adolescent impulsivity and higher early-adolescent sadness predicted early-adolescents’ pure internalizing. Childhood positive parental emotional expressivity more consistently related to early-adolescents’ lower pure externalizing compared to co-occurring problems and pure internalizing. Lower effortful control predicted changes in externalizing (pure and co-occurring) over 6 years, but only when parental positive expressivity was low. Higher impulsivity predicted co-occurring problems only for boys. Findings highlight the probable complex developmental pathways to adolescent pure and co-occurring externalizing and internalizing problems.

scholarly journals Charting the trajectories of adopted children's emotional and behavioral problems: The impact of early adversity and postadoptive parental warmth

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Paine ◽  
Oliver Perra ◽  
Rebecca Anthony ◽  
Katherine H. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Parental Warmth ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Abstract Children who are adopted from care are more likely to experience enduring emotional and behavioral problems across development; however, adoptees’ trajectories of mental health problems and factors that impact their trajectories are poorly understood. Therefore, we used multilevel growth analyses to chart adoptees’ internalizing and externalizing problems across childhood, and examined the associations between preadoptive risk and postadoptive protective factors on their trajectories. This was investigated in a prospective longitudinal study of case file records (N = 374) and questionnaire-based follow-ups (N = 96) at approximately 5, 21, and 36 months postadoptive placement. Preadoptive adversity (indexed by age at placement, days in care, and number of adverse childhood experiences) was associated with higher internalizing and externalizing scores; the decrease in internalizing scores over childhood was accelerated for those exposed to lower levels of preadoptive risk. Warm adoptive parenting was associated with a marked reduction in children's internalizing and externalizing problems over time. Although potentially limited by shared methods variance and lack of variability in parental warmth scores, these findings demonstrate the deleterious impact of preadoptive risk and the positive role of exceptionally warm adoptive parenting on children's trajectories of mental health problems and have relevance for prevention and intervention strategies.

scholarly journals BESIFORMUOJANČIŲ SUAUGUSIŲJŲ PROBLEMINIO ELGESIO, VAIDMENŲ KAITOS MEILĖS IR DARBO SRITYSE BEI SUAUGUSIAM ASMENIUI BŪDINGŲ SAVYBIŲ ĮGIJIMO RYŠIAI

Psichologija ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
R. Vosylis ◽  
S. Raižienė ◽  
R. Žukauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Work Commitment ◽  
Role Changes ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

  nemažai diskutuojama apie ilgėjantį laikotarpį, per kurį iš paauglystės pereinama į suaugusiojo gyvenimo tarpsnį. Taip pat diskutuojama apie tai, kad Vakarų šalyse suaugusio asmens statusas, ypač jaunuolių akimis, yra siejamas ne tiek su vaidmenų kaita, pavyzdžiui, mokslų baigimu ar tapimu tėvais, kiek su asmens savybių, kaip antai nepriklausomybė ar savarankiškumas, įgijimu. Šis laiko tarpsnis tarp paauglystės ir jauno suaugusiojo amžiaus taip pat pasižymi nemaža emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų kaita, kuri vyksta kartu su vaidmenų pokyčiais, bei suaugusio asmens savybių įgijimu. Tyrimų, nagrinėjančių, kaip probleminis elgesys, vaidmenų kaita ir suaugusio asmens savybių įgijimas yra susiję, netrūksta, tačiau maža tokių, kurie nagrinėtų šių kintamųjų ryšius kartu paėmus. Šiuo tyrimu ir siekta įvertinti besiformuojančių Lietuvos suaugusiųjų emocinių ir elgesio sunkumų, įsipareigojimo partneriui ir darbinei karjerai bei suaugusiojo bruožų įgijimo ryšius.Tyrimo dalyviai buvo atrinkti patogiosios imties būdu. Tyrime dalyvavo 241 tiriamasis – 198 merginos ir 43 vaikinai. Vidutinis tiriamųjų amžius buvo 22,22 metų (st. nuokr. – 2,91). Tiriamieji atsakė į interneto svetainėje paskelbtą anketą, kurioje buvo pateiktas J. J. Arnett (2003) klausimynas, vertinantis suaugusio asmens kriterijų svarbą, taip pat papildomi klausimai apie tai, kiek asmuo atitinka šiuos kriterijus. Anketoje taip pat buvo pateiktas ASR (Achenbach and Rescorla, 2003) klausimynas, skirtas įvertinti suaugusiųjų emocinius ir elgesio sunkumus. Remiantis tuo, ką tyrimo dalyviai įvardijo svarbiais suaugusio asmens kriterijais, ir tuo, kaip įvardijo, kiek tuos kriterijus yra įvykdę, buvo sudarytos trys skalės, rodančios suaugusio asmens bruožų įgijimą: pasiektą nepriklausomybę nuo tėvų, pasiektą normų paisymą ir įgytas kompetencijas rūpintis šeima. Taip pat panašiu būdu buvo sudaryti du kintamieji, rodantys įsipareigojimą partneriui ir darbinei karjerai.Tyrimo metu buvo atskleista, kad jaunuolių tiek įsipareigojimas darbinei karjerai, tiek partneriui yra neigiamai susijęs su nerimo ir depresijos sunkumais, tačiau įsipareigojimas darbinei karjerai yra teigiamai susijęs su erzinančiu elgesiu. Didesnė nepriklausomybė yra neigiamai susijusi su nerimo ir depresijos sunkumais ir užsisklendimu. Prognozuojant nerimo ir depresijos sunkumus, kai yra atsižvelgiama į suaugusio asmens bruožų įgijimą, įsipareigojimo darbinei karjerai bei partneriui efektas išnyksta. Prognozuojant erzinantį elgesį, įsipareigojimas darbinei karjerai išlieka reikšmingas veiksnys net ir tada, kai atsižvelgiama į suaugusiojo savybių įgijimą.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: probleminis elgesys, besiformuojančio suaugusiojo raidos tarpsnis, vaidmenų kaita, suaugusįjį žyminčių kriterijų atitikimas.Relationships between problem behaviors, role changes in areas of work, love, and achievement of adult character qualities among emerging adultsVosylis R., Raižienė S., Žukauskienė R. The goal of the current study is to evaluate the relationships between externalizing and internalizing problems, partner and work commitment, and the achievement of adult character qualities. A sample of 241 Lithuanian emerging adults participated in the study (mean age 22.22, SD = 2.91, 198 women and 43 men). Participants filled an internet-based questionnaire which consisted of Arnett’s questionnaire on adulthood criteria, additional questions on achieving these criteria, and the Adult Self-report questionnaire which measures internalizing and externalizing problems. Both partner and work commitments were found to be negatively related to anxiety / depression problems, and commitment to work was positively related to intrusive behavior. Achievement of independence was negatively related with anxiety / depression and withdrawal problems. The effect of commitment to work and to partner on anxiety / depression and the effect of commitment to partner on withdrawal was suppressed when it was controlled for achieving independence. Commitment to work positively predicts a more intrusive behavior even when achieving adult character qualities is taken into account.Keywords: problem behavior, emerging adulthood, role changes, achievement of adulthood criteria

scholarly journals Effortful control assessed by parental report and laboratory observation and adjustment in early childhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Ana Maria Pereira ◽  
Ana Isabel Pereira ◽  
Teresa Marques
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Effortful Control ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

Effortful control is a key aspect of children’s self-regulation showing a remarkable progress in early childhood. This study explored the relationship between effortful control, externalizing and internalizing problems and prosocial behaviour in young children. The sample was composed by 31 Portuguese children, aged between 3 and 6-years-old, and their parents. Effortful control was assessed by behavioural tasks (Tower of Patience, Bead Sorting) and the very short form of the Child Behavior Questionnaire administered to the parents. Internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as prosocial behaviour, were measured through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, answered by the parents. The results show that higher levels of effortful control are related to less externalizing problems and higher levels of prosocial behaviour. No significant associations were found between effortful control and internalizing problems. The mechanisms that may explain the different patterns of associations between effortful control and internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood are discussed.

The role of stressful events in the development of behavioural and emotional problems from early childhood to late adolescence

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Timmermans ◽  
P. A. C. van Lier ◽  
H. M. Koot
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

BackgroundThere is growing evidence on the importance of experiences of stressful events in the development of psychopathology. This study aimed to investigate the role of stressful events in the continuity of internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as the cross-influence of these problems from early childhood to late adolescence.MethodData came from a general population sample of 396 children followed from the ages of 3 to 18 years. Parent-ratings of internalizing and externalizing problems at ages 3, 5, 10 and 18 years were used. Parents also reported on the presence of stressful events between the ages of 3 and 5 years, and 5 and 10 years. Adolescent reports on stressful events over the ages of 10–18 years were used. Structural equation models were used to disentangle/analyse the role of stressful events in the development of internalizing and externalizing problems.ResultsFrom the age of 3 years onwards externalizing symptoms predicted experiences of stressful events. In turn, these experiences predicted later externalizing problems. Stressful events also explained part of the continuity of internalizing problems from the age of 10 years onwards, but not during childhood. From childhood onwards, cross-influences from externalizing problems to subsequent internalizing problems were found to run through stressful events. Only in adolescence cross-influences from internalizing problems to externalizing problems were found, again via stressful events.ConclusionsFrom childhood onwards to late adolescence, stressful events play a significant role in both the continuity and the co-occurrence of externalizing and internalizing problems. Theoretical and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.

Personality of parents with bipolar disorder and interpersonal functioning among their offspring: A prospective 10-year study

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline S. Ostiguy ◽  
Mark A. Ellenbogen ◽  
Sheilagh Hodgins
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Internalizing Problems ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Interpersonal Functioning ◽  
Neo Personality Inventory ◽  
Externalizing And Internalizing Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractA comparison of offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD) and offspring of parents with no mental disorder (ONMD) showed that parents' neuroticism was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among their children. The present study examined whether parents' neuroticism predicted poor interpersonal functioning among offspring 10 years later and whether the problems observed in middle childhood mediated the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring functioning. When offspring were in middle childhood, parents completed the revised NEO Personality Inventory and rated the child's behavior on the Child Behavior Checklist. Ten years later, 65 OBD and 59 ONMD completed interviews assessing mental disorders and interpersonal and noninterpersonal functioning. High neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents predicted poor interpersonal functioning in their offspring in late adolescence–early adulthood. The offspring's externalizing and internalizing problems in middle childhood partially mediated the association between parents' personality and offspring interpersonal functioning. Moreover, the association between parents' neuroticism and offspring internalizing problems was stronger among the OBD than the ONMD. Overall, the results suggested an intergenerational transmission of risk whereby high neuroticism and low agreeableness in parents were associated with behavioral problems among offspring in middle childhood that, in turn, predicted poor interpersonal functioning 10 years later.

scholarly journals Adolescents’ mental health problems increase after parental divorce, not before, and persist until adulthood: a longitudinal TRAILS study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne M. Tullius ◽  
Marlou L. A. De Kroon ◽  
Josué Almansa ◽  
Sijmen A. Reijneveld
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Externalizing Problems ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Parental Divorce ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Problems ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing Problems ◽  
Longitudinal Effects ◽  
Internalizing And Externalizing

AbstractParental divorce is one of the most stressful life events for youth and is often associated with (long-lasting) emotional and behavioral problems (EBP). However, not much is known about the timing of the emergence of these EBP in adolescents relative to the moment of parental divorce, and its longitudinal effects. We therefore assessed this timing of EBP in adolescents of divorce and its longitudinal effects. We used the first four waves of the TRacking Adolescent’s Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) cohort, which included 2230 10–12 years olds at baseline. EBP were measured through the Youth Self-Report (YSR), as internalizing and externalizing problems. We applied multilevel analysis to assess the effect of divorce on EBP. The levels of both internalizing and externalizing problems were significantly higher in the period after parental divorce (β = 0.03, and 0.03, respectively; p < 0.05), but not in the period before divorce, with a persistent and increasing effect over the follow-up periods compared to adolescents not experiencing divorce. Adolescents tend to develop more EBP in the period after parental divorce, not before. These effects are long-lasting and underline the need for better care for children with divorcing parents.

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