scholarly journals Status of Raso Lark Alauda razae with notes on threats and foraging behaviour

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Ratcliffe ◽  
Luis R. Monteiro ◽  
Cornelis J. Hazevoet
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
The South ◽  
Rocky Desert ◽  
The North ◽  
River Valleys

The Raso Lark Alauda razae is a globally endangered species that is endemic to the islet of Raso (16°93′ N, 24°38′ W) in the Cape Verde archipelago (Collar et al. 1994). Raso is a small (c.7 km2) uninhabited islet with a plain averaging 25 m in elevation to the south and west and small boulder-strewn hills to the north and east rising up to 164 m (Figure 1). The islet comprises mostly rocky desert, with some extensive sandy patches on the western plain. Vegetation is sparse and confined to small patches on the plains and along dry river valleys.

A Reinterpretation of the Microlithic Industries of Wales

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 99-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Wales ◽  
River Valleys

The distribution of Mesolithic sites in Wales is controlled to a great extent by the terrain, for physiographically, Wales is a highland block defined on three sides by the sea and for the greater part of the fourth side by a sharp break of slope. Geologically the Principality is composed almost entirely of Palaeozoic rocks, of which the 600-foot contour encloses more than three quarters of the total area. There are extensive regions above 1,500 feet and 2,000 feet and in the north the peaks of Snowdonia and Cader Idris rise to 3,560 feet and 2,929 feet respectively. Indeed North Wales consists of an inhospitable highland massif, skirted by a lowland plateau and cut deeply by river valleys, providing only limited areas for settlement. The hills and mountains of Snowdonia with their extension at lower altitudes into the Lleyn Peninsula, and the ranges of Moelwyn, Manod Mawr, Arenig Fach and Cader Idris, are discouraging obstacles to penetration, save for a short distance along the river valleys. To the east of these peaks are extensive tracts of upland plateau dissected by rivers, bounded on the west by the vale of the river Conway and cleft by the Vale of Clwyd. To the east of this valley lies the Clwydian Range and further again to the east these uplands descend with milder contours to the Cheshire and Shropshire plains.To the south the district merges into the uplands of Central Wales, which are continuous until they are replaced by the lowland belt of South Wales.

Further studies on trade winds during the glacial cycles

1975 ◽  
Vol 346 (1645) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
The South ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Cape Verde Islands ◽  
Trade Winds ◽  
The North ◽  
Quartz Grains

Core V19-301 (south of Cape Verde Islands) has been analysed in detail for (i) size distribution of quartz grains, (ii) mineralogy, (iii) colour and organic carbon (iv) G. menardii foraminifera, and (v) total foraminifera and carbonate. These results are compared with those previously obtained on core V23-100 (north of Cape Verde Islands). It is believed that the carbonate variations can be used to establish simultaneity between the cores, and thus the following climatic data emerge: ( a ) During glacial stages the trade winds were more vigorous than normal for the region north of the Cape Verdes; but the wintertime Harmattan was weaker than normal for the region south of the Cape Verdes. ( b ) The land to the north of Dakar remained desert, and was especially arid during glacials, whereas to the south of Dakar conditions oscillated between desert during interglacials, and savannah during glacials, ( c ) These wind and rainfall oscillations were more rapid and less excursive at around 0.7 Ma than they were in later glacial cycles.

The Shaugh Moor Project: First Report

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Wainwright ◽  
A. Fleming ◽  
K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
The South ◽  
Molten Material ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Mass ◽  
Climatic Trends ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
River Valleys

Viewed from the south Devon littoral with its series of good harbours the dark bulk of Dartmoor is clearly visible across the flat coastal plain. It is the largest of the five granite masses that provide a spine to the south-west English peninsula (Dartmoor, Bodmin Moor, Hensbarrow, Carnmenellis and Penwith) that were formed by the consolidation of molten material. The 500 square kilometres of the Moor form an undulating upland up to 600 m OD on the north-east side, where the greatest elevations occur. In the southern parts of the Moor the rolling tableland is 300 m to 420 m high—modern cultivation tends to cease at the 300 m contour, that is broken by numerous upland valleys and the eroded remains of tors. Today this expanse of moorland is bleak and treeless except in river valleys at the rim of the granite escarpment, although patches of contorted oak woodland survive at Piles' Wood on the River Erme, Wistman's Wood on the West Dart and Black Tor Beare on the West Okement. Pollen analyses have shown, however, that up to a height of about 360 m Dartmoor was probably covered by a deciduous forest dominated by oak that was gradually eroded by climatic trends and human activity (e.g. Simmons, 1969). It is from this central mass that the rivers of south Devon diverge. The wide upland valleys of the Tavy, Plym, Yealm, Erme, Avon and Dart plunge through characteristic deep wooded gorges near the southern granite escarpment into the South Hams and around this border modern settlement—numerous villages and a few towns are situated.

scholarly journals Notes on some animal parasites in British Guiana

1916 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Bodkin ◽  
L. D. Cleare
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
The South ◽  
British Guiana ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Western Side ◽  
River Valleys

British Guiana lies between the latitudes 0·41′ N. (source of the Essequebo River) and 8° 33′ 22″ N. (Punta Playa), has a depth from north to south of about 500 miles, a seaboard of about 270 miles trending in a south-easterly direction, and occupies in the north-east of South America an area approximately equal in extent to Great Britain. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Surinam or Dutch Guiana, on the south and south-west by Brazil, and on the west by Venezuela.The Colony may be divided broadly into three belts. The northern one consists of a low-lying flat and swampy belt of marine alluvium—the coastal region. This rises gradually from the seaboard and extends inland for a distance varying from 5 to 49 miles. It is succeeded by a broader and slightly elevated tract of country of sandy and clayey soils. This belt is generally undulating, and is traversed in places by sand-dunes rising from 50 to 180 ft. above sea-level. The more elevated portion of the Colony lies to the southward of the above-mentioned regions. It rises gradually to the south-west, between the river valleys, which are in many parts swampy, and contains three principal mountain ranges, several irregularly distributed smaller ranges, and in the southern and eastern parts numerous isolated hills and mountains. The eastern portion is almost entirely forest-clad, but on the south-western side there is an extensive area of flat grass-clad savannah land elevated about 300 feet above sea-level.

The Excavation of Winklebury Camp, Basingstoke, Hampshire

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 31-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
North And South

Winklebury Camp (SU61355290), an Iron Age 'plateau fort’, now of some 7.6 hectares (19 acres), is situated in the parish of Basingstoke, approximately 1 mile north-west of the town centre of Basingstoke, (fig. 1), though it is now surrounded by housing estates. It occupies a hill of Upper Chalk which has been isolated from the main mass of the North Hampshire Downs by two dry river valleys, one trending south-east, the other north-east. Both are tributary to the R. Loddon. The hill rises to a maximum height of 126 m a.s.l., near the projected line of the western rampart and slopes off gradually to north and south, and more steeply to the south-east. About half a mile to the south of the fort, a tributary of the R. Loddon, now culverted, would have provided the nearest source of water.Winklebury Camp has suffered from gradual encroachment by the surrounding housing estates, losing the ditch and rampart face to the north and east, and ditch, rampart and a small part of the interior, to the west. Only to the south does any of the bank and ditch survive. In the south-west corner of the fort, in an area protected by the remains of a small copse, a 90 m length of eroded rampart remains to an approximate height of 2 m. There is no ditch fronting this rampart now, but immediately east of the end of the stretch of rampart is the only remaining length of ditch. This extends for some 200 m along the remainder of the south side of the fort, averaging 2 m deep and 5 m wide. It rises in the south-east corner at a causeway, beyond which is another short stretch of ditch which is rapidly lost in house gardens. This causeway is faced by rampart, but there are indications, for example a slight change in the direction of the rampart at this point, that this is in fact a blocked entrance.

scholarly journals Asesment of the effect of beaver foraging activities on the alteration of waterside forests in northern and middle taiga of Russian Karelia

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fyodor Fyodorov
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Northern Taiga ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Deciduous Trees ◽  
The South ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
The Republic

The territory of the Republic of Karelia is latitudinally elongated and traversing two boreal subzones such as the northern and middle taiga. Pine and spruce stands predominate in the northern taiga, while forests in middle taiga are more diverse, represented by secondary stands, and often dominated by deciduous species. These factors define the foraging behaviour of beavers and their role in alteration of riparian forests. Dispersing in the northern taiga, beavers tend to choose waterside areas with a higher proportion of deciduous species. However, such habitats occupy less than 1% of the forested area in this subzone, so the overall effect of beaver foraging on forest stands would be minor. On the other hand, inside beaver colonies, stand alteration is far  more pronounced than changes in colonies in the middle taiga, and the effects are the following: 1) waterside forests in the northern taiga lose 2.5 times more deciduous trees than those in the middle taiga (61.4 and 26.3 %, respectively); 2) in waterside stands, aspen is totally removed, the share of conifers is doubled, and the share of birch is reduced (in the middle taiga, the share of birch around beaver colonies slightly increases, and the share of aspen is reduced by a factor of 1.5); 3) beavers in the north of Karelia consume thick birch trees more often than in the south of the region; 4) the regeneration capacity of damaged trees in the north is lower than in the south of Karelia.   Keywords: beavers, foraging activities, waterside forests, northern and middle taiga, tree stands

scholarly journals Number and Distribution of the Narrow-Headed Vole Lasiopodomys gregalis (Pallas, 1779) (Cricetidae, Rodentia) in Western Siberia

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-227
Author(s):  
A. A. Kislyi ◽  
Yu. S. Ravkin ◽  
I. N. Bogomolova ◽  
S. M. Tsybulin ◽  
V. P. Starikov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Middle Taiga ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
West Siberian Plain ◽  
Similarity Coefficients ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Structural Graph ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
River Valleys

According to the data collected in the second half of summer for the period from 1954 to 2016 in the flat and mountainous parts of Western Siberia, the distribution and number of the narrow-headed vole in the zonal and provincial aspects were analyzed. Based on the cluster analysis of the matrix of similarity coefficients of abundance indicators obtained by averaging the initial data by years and groups of geobotanical maps units, the classification of habitats according to the favorable environmental conditions degree for the vole is made. The averaged samples are divided into five types of favorability: from optimal, where the abundance of the species is highest in the whole studied area, to extreme, where it is not encountered. In the South of the West Siberian plain narrow-headed vole prefers steppes, and in the subarctic tundras – communities of river valleys. In the Altai and Kuznetsk-Salair mountain regions it is most common in the subalpine light forests, tundras and tundra-steppe of the North-Western and SouthEastern Altai. On average, this vole prefers open habitats in Western Siberia. According to the classification and the structural graph, the dependence of the vole abundance on a number of factors and their inseparable combinations (enviromental and anthropogenic regimes) was revealed. The greatest connection with its distribution in the habitats of Western Siberia is traced for heat and water availability. On the plain, the number of this vole increases from the middle taiga, where it is found only once, to the subzone of the subarctic tundras in the North and to the forest-steppe and steppe zones in the South. In the mountains its more in the South-Eastern Altai, where a relatively high proportion of the most favorable for narrow-headed vole habitats.

V.—Glacial Geology: Old and New

1892 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 310-321
Author(s):  
T. Mellard
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Glacial Geology ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
River Valleys

Over twenty years ago I commenced the study of the glacial deposits of the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and as the observations grew they came to embrace a considerable share of the drainagebasin of the Irish Sea.I have personally inspected and kept full records of all of the important artificial excavations likely to throw light upon the subject, in addition to examining and making sections of the natural exposures of glacial drift which abound on the north-west coast of England, the coast of Wales, and in the river valleys draining into the Irish Sea, and to a lesser extent the drift on the east-coast of Ireland and the south of Scotland.

The Mesolithic in the South of France: a critical analysis

1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
The South ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
To Come ◽  
River Valleys

At the time when the type-sites of the Dordogne were being explored French archaeologists were equally active further south in their country. From caves and surface sites in the Mediterranean provinces local landowners, doctors and clergy were collecting material which not only matched most of the palaeolithic tool forms being distinguished in the south-west of France, but was later to provide Déchelette with many of his illustrations for the neolithic and metal ages. It was not uncommon for flints, pottery and metal all to come from the same cave.These old collections, or such of them as can be traced, are the basis of what is known about the prehistory of the south of France. Unfortunately, much of the material has come down to us with very little information, apart from provenance, and although some details of excavation were carefully recorded it seems generally to have been considered that plans of caves were more informative than sections through them.Topographically the south of France consists largely of a narrow alluvial plain, stretching right round the Gulf of Lions between the Italian and Spanish frontiers and broadening out in the delta of the Rhône. Today the region is distinguished from the rest of France by its Mediterranean climate. East of the Rhône, in Provence, this coastal climate is soon modified to the north by the high mountains, but in the old province of Languedoc between the Rhône and the Pyrenees the typical Mediterranean vegetation is carried up onto the rocky limestone plateau, or Garrigue, until it reaches the barren Causses of the Massif Central. In France, the western limit of this climatic zone falls between Carcassonne and Toulouse, but eastward and to the south the Mediterranean conditions continue, so that the south French plain forms a climatic unit with the coastlands of Italy and Spain.This plain, shut in to the north by high land, is most easily accessible from the sea or coastwise from adjacent Mediterranean countries. Easy communication with the rest of France is confined to the great river valleys of the Rhône and Aude which cut through the mountains to the north and west.

German Uplands and Alpine Foreland

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Koster
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
Alpine Foreland ◽  
Morphotectonic Evolution ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
Landform Regions ◽  
North Western

From north to south in Germany there is a rough symmetry in the distribution of the major geological and landform units. Quaternary glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms characterize the Northern Lowlands and the Alpine Foreland in the south. Relief in both these areas is relatively flat, mostly of the order of a few tens of metres to 200 metres. The central part of the country, roughly between a line from Bonn–Dortmund–Hannover–Leipzig–Dresden in the north and the river Danube in the south, is dominated by uplands and basins, mainly consisting of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks, exhibiting a relief of several hundred metres. This central region is bordered in the western and eastern part by fault block mountains and massifs consisting of Palaeozoic, partly crystalline rocks. These massifs attain heights of c.500–1,500 m. Based on a combination of morphotectonic evolution and landform associations, most authors distinguish five major landform regions: • The North German Lowlands as a part of the North European Lowlands, extending from the north-western tip of France, through Belgium and The Netherlands to the Polish–Russian border and beyond. The southern border of this region more or less coincides with the 100–200 m contour lines as well as with the maximum extension of the Fennoscandian ice sheets. The usual thickness of the glacial/fluvioglacial sediment sequence is between 100 and 300 m; the maximum thickness is almost 500 m. In contrast to Ahnert (1989b), the Lower Rhine graben and the Munster Embayment are included in this region by Semmel (1996) and Liedtke and Marcinek (2002). • The Central German Uplands. This region is characterized by a relief between 200 and 1,000 m, locally to 1,500 m, old Palaeozoic (Variscan) massifs, denudational landforms with planation surfaces, cuestas, hogbacks, basins, and deeply incised river valleys. Concerning the southern border of this region there also appears to be some difference of opinion. Semmel (1996) obviously includes the Saar-Nahe Upland and the Thüringer Wald, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischer Wald, and Böhmer Wald. This is also the case with the geomorphic map in the Nationalatlas by Liedtke et al. (2003). Liedtke and Marcinek (2002), however, do not include the Saar-Nahe Upland nor the Bayerischer Wald and Böhmer Wald.

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