SIR JAMES STEUART ON THE ORIGINS OF COMMERCIAL NATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Menudo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Market ◽  
Science Of The Artificial

This paper examines James Steuart’s explanation of the emergence of commercial nations. Unlike other Scottish thinkers of the time, Steuart argues that artifice is necessary for the rise of commercial societies. He uses the term “artificial” to refer to a devised process, one that is an alternative to the supposedly natural process arising from innate propensities. The system of trade and commerce is an “artifice” created by merchants to obtain benefits, and established by the sovereign for his ostentation and personal prestige, until it became generalized as a commercial nation. Steuart’s explanation of the emergence of commercial nations accounts for how individuals become dependent on and subordinate to the public market. This paper concludes that Steuart’s Political Œconomy promotes a science of the artificial that seeks to understand the functioning of non-natural mechanisms and to create instruments that the statesman adapts to the needs and objectives of individuals.

scholarly journals Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Sir James Steuart on the Origins of Commercial Nations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Menudo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Market ◽  
History Of ◽  
Science Of The Artificial

This paper examines James Steuart’s explanation of the emergence of commercial nations. Unlike other Scottish thinkers of the time, Steuart argues that artifice is necessary for the rise of commercial societies. He uses the term “artificial” to refer to a devised process, one that is an alternative to the supposedly natural process arising from innate propensities. The system of trade and commerce is an “artifice” created by merchants to obtain benefits, and established by the sovereign, for his ostentation and personal prestige, until it became generalized as a commercial nation. Steuart's explanation of the emergence of commercial nations accounts for how individuals become dependent on and subordinate to the public market. Finally, this paper concludes that Steuart’s Political Œconomy promotes a science of the artificial that seeks to understand the functioning of non-natural mechanisms and to create instruments that the statesman adapts to the needs and objectives of individuals

scholarly journals Programming Native CRISPR Arrays for the Generation of Targeted Immunity

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Hynes ◽  
Simon J. Labrie ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Industrial Settings

ABSTRACT The adaptive immune system of prokaryotes, called CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated genes), results in specific cleavage of invading nucleic acid sequences recognized by the cell’s “memory” of past encounters. Here, we exploited the properties of native CRISPR-Cas systems to program the natural “memorization” process, efficiently generating immunity not only to a bacteriophage or plasmid but to any specifically chosen DNA sequence. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas systems have entered the public consciousness as genome editing tools due to their readily programmable nature. In industrial settings, natural CRISPR-Cas immunity is already exploited to generate strains resistant to potentially disruptive viruses. However, the natural process by which bacteria acquire new target specificities (adaptation) is difficult to study and manipulate. The target against which immunity is conferred is selected stochastically. By biasing the immunization process, we offer a means to generate customized immunity, as well as provide a new tool to study adaptation.

scholarly journals Hygienic-sanitary conditions of food sold in the public market and open market in the municipality of Arapiraca-AL

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Lucineide Santos da Silva ◽  
Claudimary Bispo dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Open Market ◽  
Check List ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Market ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

As feiras e mercados públicos oferecem diversos produtos e serviços em um único local, revelam hábitos e manifestações culturais, sendo de grande importância sócio-econômico-cultural para o município. Porém, os alimentos muitas vezes são comercializados em condições que propiciam a contaminação por microrganismos quando não são adotadas práticas adequadas de manipulação e exposição. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias dos alimentos perecíveis comercializados na feira livre e no mercado público do município de Arapiraca-AL. Foram realizadas duas visitas semanais em dezembro/2018, uma visita no Mercado Público, e a outra na feira livre, que ocorre no dia de segunda-feira, localizada nas ruas próximas ao Mercado Público. Os alimentos avaliados foram frutas e hortaliças, carnes e pescados, através de um roteiro de inspeção (check-list) baseado na Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada – RDC nº 216/2004 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária – ANVISA, cujos itens selecionados foram condições de comercialização, condições de armazenamento, condições de higiene dos manipuladores e das instalações. Na maioria dos aspectos avaliados, principalmente na feira livre, os resultados foram insatisfatórios, devido ao não cumprimento das normas vigentes. Conclui-se que a feira livre não possui estrutura mínima para que possam ser aplicadas as normas higiênico-sanitárias na venda de carnes e pescados e o mercado público apesar de ter uma melhor infraestrutura, os feirantes desrespeitam essas normas.

Assessing performance-use preferences through an institutional logics lens

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-20
Author(s):  
Benard Ngoye ◽  
Vicenta Sierra ◽  
Tamyko Ysa
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Cognitive Frames ◽  
Public Market ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Performance Measurement Systems

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of shared cognitive frames, in particular, that of institutional logics, on the deployment and use of performance measurement systems (PMSs) in the public sector.Design/methodology/approachUsing novel priming techniques derived from behavioral and social psychology, three institutional logics – the public, market-managerial and professional logics – are differentially surfaced in three independent experimental groups. The influence of these primed institutional logics on performance measurement use preferences are then empirically assessed using appropriate analysis of variance techniques.FindingsContrary to theoretical predictions, the paper reveals logic congruence regarding some uses of PMSs in the public sector, and divergence regarding others. Individuals applying a public logic were more likely to propose performance measurement use for strategic planning or strategic alignment; while those applying a professional logic were more likely to propose performance measurement use for learning, compared to otherwise primed individuals.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the sample size and the novelty of the priming tools, it is feasible that other potentially significant effects may have been missed.Originality/valueThe paper addresses a gap in literature regarding the influence of shared cognitive frames on performance measurement use in public sector organizations. The paper further presents priming techniques embedded within an experimental design as an appropriate method for the micro-level study of attitudes, preferences and judgments in the public sector.

Constraints of Time

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Baics
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Cycles ◽  
Problem Of Time ◽  
Public Markets ◽  
The Public ◽  
Food Shopping ◽  
Public Market ◽  
New Yorkers

This chapter addresses the problem of time by examining the temporal geography of household provisioning. It scrutinizes the seasonal, weekly, and daily schedules of food shopping, outlining how complementary rhythms provided steady supplies to customers, while also sustaining permanent and stable trade at the public markets. The provisioning journey was structured not only by the distance one traveled to the public market but also by the conjunctures of time. Just as public markets distributed all varieties of foodstuffs to New Yorkers at a dozen privileged locations, their year-round business agglomerated food supplies of widely different seasonal cycles. Not surprisingly, seasonality first and foremost determined the frequency of residents' marketing visits.

The Reader, the Text, the Interpretation

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Christina Janise McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Critical Literacy ◽  
Literacy Instruction ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public

No time in history has it been more challenging, and perhaps more important, for people to be able to intelligently process the vast amounts of information available. In response, there has been a resurgence on the emphasis of educating students in the public schools not only to be literate in the sense of decoding words and phrases but also to be able to evaluate the validity, the worth, and the credibility of a text which is the basis of critical literacy instruction. Critical analysis of texts requires that the reader possess a complex set of skills, and with that consideration in mind, readers' responses during their transactions with a text can help guide teachers to facilitate a natural process for students to evaluate the worth and credibility of information.

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