AN INVESTIGATION OF FALSE MEMORIES IN ANXIOUS AND FEARFUL INDIVIDUALS

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Wenzel ◽  
Candice Jostad ◽  
Jennifer R. Brendle ◽  
F. Richard Ferraro ◽  
Chad M. Lystad
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Memory Bias ◽  
Socially Anxious ◽  
Social Evaluative Threat ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Target Words

The present study applied the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm to examine whether anxious and fearful individuals exhibit higher recall and recognition rates of never presented threat words than nonanxious individuals. In Study 1, 39 spider fearful individuals, 28 blood fearful individuals, and 41 nonfearful individuals learned four word lists associated with unpresented target words: “spider”, “blood”, “river”, and “music”. Regardless of whether participants completed only a recognition task or a recall task and then a recognition task, there were no differences as a function of group in the degree to which they falsely remembered unpresented target threat words. In Study 2, 48 socially anxious and 51 nonanxious individuals learned four lists associated with social/evaluative threat unpresented target words and four lists associated with neutral unpresented target words. Similar to the findings from Study 1, groups did not differ in the degree to which they falsely remembered target words. These findings add to an increasingly large literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat.

scholarly journals Age-related Differences in Brain Activity during True and False Memory Retrieval

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1390-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Dennis ◽  
Hongkeun Kim ◽  
Roberto Cabeza
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Age Related

Compared to young adults, older adults show not only a reduction in true memories but also an increase in false memories. We investigated the neural bases of these age effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a false memory task that resembles the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm. Young and older participants were scanned during a word recognition task that included studied words and new words that were strongly associated with studied words (critical lures). During correct recognition of studied words (true memory), older adults showed weaker activity than young adults in the hippocampus but stronger activity than young adults in the retrosplenial cortex. The hippocampal reduction is consistent with age-related deficits in recollection, whereas the retrosplenial increase suggests compensatory recruitment of alternative recollection-related regions. During incorrect recognition of critical lures (false memory), older adults displayed stronger activity than young adults in the left lateral temporal cortex, a region involved in semantic processing and semantic gist. Taken together, the results suggest that older adults' deficits in true memories reflect a decline in recollection processes mediated by the hippocampus, whereas their increased tendency to have false memories reflects their reliance on semantic gist mediated by the lateral temporal cortex.

scholarly journals False memory susceptibility is correlated with categorisation ability in humans

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Hunt ◽  
Lars Chittka
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Free Recall Test ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
The Face

Our memory is often surprisingly inaccurate, with errors ranging from misremembering minor details of events to generating illusory memories of entire episodes. The pervasiveness of such false memories generates a puzzle: in the face of selection pressure for accuracy of memory, how could such systematic failures have persisted over evolutionary time? It is possible that memory errors are an inevitable by-product of our adaptive memories and that semantic false memories are specifically connected to our ability to learn rules and concepts and to classify objects by category memberships. Here we test this possibility using a standard experimental false memory paradigm and inter-individual variation in verbal categorisation ability. Indeed it turns out that the error scores are significantly negatively correlated, with those individuals scoring fewer errors on the categorisation test being more susceptible to false memory intrusions in a free recall test. A similar trend, though not significant, was observed between individual categorisation ability and false memory susceptibility in a word recognition task. Our results therefore indicate that false memories, to some extent, might be a by-product of our ability to learn rules, categories and concepts.

scholarly journals False Memory in Borderline Personality Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Sajjadi ◽  
Martin Sellbom ◽  
Julien Gross ◽  
Harlene Hayne
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Dissociative Experiences ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Significant Impairment

Abstract Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder characterized by significant impairment in intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning, as well as patterns of personality pathology. Memory deficits are not recognized as a core symptom of BPD, but BPD patients have long been suspected to have inaccurate perceptions, disturbed memory processes, and an increased tendency to develop false memories. Methods: In the present study, we examined whether there was an association between BPD and the production of false memories in the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm—a laboratory-based procedure that is frequently used to investigate false memory. We also compared the traditional and alternative model of BPD with respect to false memory. A total of 298 university students completed the McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder, SCID-II Personality Questionnaire, Borderline Personality Disorder Impairment Scale, Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Beck Depression Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire. The participants were also tested using both traditional DRM word lists as well as word lists that were specifically associated with BPD. Results: Using the traditional diagnosis of BPD, BPD symptoms were correlated with higher false memory for positive information; in the alternative model of BPD, identity impairment and anxiousness were correlated with the overall false memory score. We also found that trauma and dissociation mediated the relation between BPD and false memory. Conclusions: These findings are discussed in terms of how the consequences of trauma, such as dissociation and identity disturbance, are associated with false memory. Whether false memory rates are higher in a clinical population of patients with BPD remains to be determined.

scholarly journals False memory susceptibility is correlated with categorisation ability in humans

F1000Research ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Hunt ◽  
Lars Chittka
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Recall Test ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Free Recall Test ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
The Face

Our memory is often surprisingly inaccurate, with errors ranging from misremembering minor details of events to generating illusory memories of entire episodes. The pervasiveness of such false memories generates a puzzle: in the face of selection pressure for accuracy of memory, how could such systematic failures have persisted over evolutionary time? It is possible that memory errors are an inevitable by-product of our adaptive memories and that semantic false memories are specifically connected to our ability to learn rules and concepts and to classify objects by category memberships. Here we test this possibility using a standard experimental false memory paradigm and inter-individual variation in verbal categorisation ability. Indeed it turns out that the error scores are significantly negatively correlated, with those individuals scoring fewer errors on the categorisation test being more susceptible to false memory intrusions in a free recall test. A similar trend, though not significant, was observed between individual categorisation ability and false memory susceptibility in a word recognition task. Our results therefore indicate that false memories, to some extent, might be a by-product of our ability to learn rules, categories and concepts.

Context Effects in Recall and Recognition at Various Retention Intervals

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1216-1218
Author(s):  
Rita R. Culross
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Recall Task ◽  
Final Recall ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Target Words

This study investigated the differential effects of cuing in a number of contexts on recall and recognition at various retention intervals. Subjects were shown cue-target word pairs and were asked to recall the target words under three sets of cues, varying in relation to the original cue. Ail 80 subjects completed a recognition task following the final recall task. Results suggest type of cuing does not have differential effects on recall and recognition; both recall and recognition are hindered by cuing in a number of different contexts, and the ability to recall improves over time, cuing, and exposure to the list.

Variation in Individuals' Semantic Networks for Common Knowledge is Associated with False Memory

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1035-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Stevens-Adams ◽  
Timothy E. Goldsmith ◽  
Karin M. Butler
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Recognition Test ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
The Third ◽  
Task Order ◽  
Word Lists

Three experiments assessed the relationships between false memories of words and their degree of connectedness within individual semantic networks. In the first two experiments, participants studied associated word lists (e.g., hot, winter, ice), completed a recognition test that included related nonstudied words (e.g., cold, snow), and then rated the semantic relatedness of all word pairs including studied and nonstudied words. In the third experiment, the task order was reversed; participants completed pairwise ratings and then, two weeks later, completed the false memory task. The relatedness ratings were analysed using the Pathfinder scaling algorithm. In all experiments, items that an individual falsely recognized had higher semantic Pathfinder node densities than those items correctly rejected.

False Memory for Associated Word Lists in Individuals and Collaborating Groups

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Weigold ◽  
Ruth H. Maki ◽  
Abbigail Arellano
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Word Lists

How accurate are memories of traffic accidents? Increased false memory levels among motorcyclists when confronted with accident-related word lists

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 275-294
Author(s):  
Dewi Maulina ◽  
Diandra Yasmine Irwanda ◽  
Thahira Hanum Sekarmewangi ◽  
Komang Meydiana Hutama Putri ◽  
Henry Otgaar
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Word Lists
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