Differential Associations of White Matter Brain Age With Language-Related Mechanisms in Word-Finding Ability Across the Adult Lifespan

Research on cognitive aging has established that word-finding ability declines progressively in late adulthood, whereas semantic mechanism in the language system is relatively stable. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of word-finding ability and language-related components with brain aging status, which was quantified by using the brain age paradigm. A total of 616 healthy participants aged 18–88 years from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience databank were recruited. The picture-naming task was used to test the participants’ language-related word retrieval ability through word-finding and word-generation processes. The naming response time (RT) and accuracy were measured under a baseline condition and two priming conditions, namely phonological and semantic priming. To estimate brain age, we established a brain age prediction model based on white matter (WM) features and estimated the modality-specific predicted age difference (PAD). Mass partial correlation analyses were performed to test the associations of WM-PAD with the cognitive performance measures under the baseline and two priming conditions. We observed that the domain-specific language WM-PAD and domain-general WM-PAD were significantly correlated with general word-finding ability. The phonological mechanism, not the semantic mechanism, in word-finding ability was significantly correlated with the domain-specific WM-PAD. In contrast, all behavioral measures of the conditions in the picture priming task were significantly associated with chronological age. The results suggest that chronological aging and WM aging have differential effects on language-related word retrieval functions, and support that cognitive alterations in word-finding functions involve not only the domain-specific processing within the frontotemporal language network but also the domain-general processing of executive functions in the fronto-parieto-occipital (or multi-demand) network. The findings further indicate that the phonological aspect of word retrieval ability declines as cerebral WM ages, whereas the semantic aspect is relatively resilient or unrelated to WM aging.

THE TRANSLATION OF SLANG WORDS IN TO ALL THE BOYS I’VE LOVED BEFORE MOVIE

The objectives of the study to find out the types of English slang words used and strategies in translating slang words from English to Bahasa uttered in “To All the Boys I’ve Loved Before” movie. The data were collected using the theory of Partridge and Bloomfield, and theories of translation strategies by Mona Baker. The result showed that there were 61 slang words were found in this movie. They were classified into 7 types of slang words namely cockney slang, public house slang, workmen’s slang, slang in theater, slang in art, slang in public school and university, and society slang. Society slang is the utmost type of slang used in the movie and other pop cultures. The translation strategies used were translation by more general word, translation by more neutral/ less expressive, translation by paraphrase using the related word, paraphrase using the unrelated word, translation using loan word, cultural substitution, translation by omission, and translation by illustration. In conclusion, the researcher mostly used translation strategy named translation by a more general word in this research which has been determined by analyzing each source of data.

Price-related consumer discussions in China and the United States: a cross-cultural study investigating price perceptions and word-of-mouth transmission

Prices are among the most frequently discussed topics in consumer research. Although word-of-mouth is known to be highly influential and it is considered to be of growing importance, previous research has largely neglected price-related word-of-mouth, especially in a cross-cultural context. The present study fills this research gap by analyzing the effects of price-related word-of-mouth valence, price changes communicated by word-of-mouth, market mavenism and national culture on price fairness and expensiveness perceptions, as well as on subsequent word-of-mouth intentions. Two studies employing Hofstede’s national culture dimensions reveal considerable differences between the cultures of the United States and China.

You paid what!? Understanding price-related word-of-mouth and price perception among opinion leaders and innovators

Although prices are the most discussed topic in consumer conversations, research has mostly neglected the field of price-related word-of-mouth (WOM). The present study picks up this research gap by analyzing the effects of price-WOM valence and price change communicated by WOM on consumer price perception. While a WOM sender’s opinion is a stronger predictor of the recipient’s perceived price fairness, a price change communicated by WOM has a stronger effect on price expensiveness perceptions. Innovators are found to be more positive with their price fairness judgment compared to imitators, and opinion leaders are more prone to price-WOM than non-opinion leaders.

Gaming experience affects the interpretation of ambiguous words

Rodd et al. (2016) report that recreational rowers’ acquisition of sport-related terminology affected their interpretation of words that have both rowing-related and non-rowing-related meanings (e.g., crab). The extent to which the rowing- and non-rowing-related meanings were accessible to the participants depended on experiential factors, such as how long the participant had been a rower, and how long it had been since they last rowed. We present two experiments that attempt to replicate these findings with another group of hobbyists, namely video game players. Experiment 1 examined the differences in word meaning choice between gamers and non-gamers. Participation in video-gaming lead to participants generating more gaming-related word meanings in a word association task. Experiment 2 further examined the effects of video gaming experience on the lexical representation of gaming-related words. Participants who had spent more years as gamers were more likely to produce gaming-related word meanings in a word association task. The effect of time spent gaming was no longer significant when we took into account whether the participant engaged with video-game related media (such as YouTube channels or gaming-related message boards). This finding helps us to refine our understanding of the results reported by Rodd et al. (2016), suggesting that it may not be the time spent in an activity that affects the interpretation of ambiguous words, but rather the specific exposure to activity-related vocabulary.

Comparing Translation Strategies of Two Different Translators of 'Tintin In Tibet'

This study discusses the differences in Indonesian translations of Tintin in Tibet published by two different publishers. The translation strategies used in these books were qualitatively analyzed using the theory of Mona Baker (2018). The rank of the most dominant strategies, from the most frequent to the less, used by the translators are paraphrase using the unrelated word, paraphrase using the related word, cultural substitution, omission, and less expressive word. The naturalness of the translation is affected by the strategies and by the traits of the character and context. In the translation of swear words, the best strategy used to translate the swear words are cultural substitution. It is better than other strategies because the readers can understand more if familiar swear words are used. In conclusion, both translators have different results of natural translation, but in the translation of swear words, the translator of Indira provides more natural translation.Keywords: Translation, translation strategies, natural, swear words

Indonesian to English Translation Strategies Used in Webtoon “My Pre-Wedding"

This paper focuses on the analysis of translation strategies in Indonesian-English translation of the Webtoon entitled My Pre-Wedding. Researchers catagorized the data into six translation strategies as stated by Baker Mona (1992). The data were taken from www.webtoon.com, the global digital comic service platform. The data source were taken from Indonesian webtoon entitled “My Pre-Wedding” from Annisa Nisfihani and its translation into English entitled “My Pre-wedding” by Pujangga Team. This study is descriptive qualitative method, and the method of data collection is document review. The finding of this study revealed that there are 261 data. Based on the analysis undertaken, it can be concluded that translation strategies used are more general word 17 findings (6.5%), cultural substitution 47 findings (18%), loan word 16 findings (6.1%), paraphrase using a related word 53 findings (20.3%), paraphrase using unrelated words 63 findings (24.1%), and omission 65 findings (24.9%).