Toward a Two-Dimensional Model of Social Cognition in Clinical Neuropsychology: A Systematic Review of Factor Structure Studies

AbstractObjective: Social cognition has received growing interest in many conditions in recent years. However, this construct still suffers from a considerable lack of consensus, especially regarding the dimensions to be studied and the resulting methodology of clinical assessment. Our review aims to clarify the distinctiveness of the dimensions of social cognition.Method: Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements, a systematic review was conducted to explore the factor structure of social cognition in the adult general and clinical populations.Results: The initial search provided 441 articles published between January 1982 and March 2017. Eleven studies were included, all conducted in psychiatric populations and/or healthy participants. Most studies were in favor of a two-factor solution. Four studies drew a distinction between low-level (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and high-level (e.g., theory of mind) information processing. Four others reported a distinction between affective (e.g., facial emotion/prosody recognition) and cognitive (e.g., false beliefs) information processing. Interestingly, attributional style was frequently reported as an additional separate factor of social cognition.Conclusions: Results of factor analyses add further support for the relevance of models differentiating level of information processing (low-vs. high-level) from nature of processed information (affectivevs. cognitive). These results add to a significant body of empirical evidence from developmental, clinical research and neuroimaging studies. We argue the relevance of integrating low-versushigh-level processing with affective and cognitive processing in a two-dimensional model of social cognition that would be useful for future research and clinical practice. (JINS, 2018,24, 391–404)

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Priming intuition disfavors instrumental harm but not impartial beneficence

10.31234/osf.io/b3e4c ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valerio Capraro ◽

Jim Albert Charlton Everett ◽

Brian D. Earp

Keyword(s):

Moral Judgment ◽

Moral Dilemmas ◽

Moral Judgments ◽

Future Research ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Total N ◽

Two Dimensional Model ◽

Do So

Understanding the cognitive underpinnings of moral judgment is one of most pressing problems in psychological science. Some highly-cited studies suggest that reliance on intuition decreases utilitarian (expected welfare maximizing) judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas in which one has to decide whether to instrumentally harm (IH) one person to save a greater number of people. However, recent work suggests that such dilemmas are limited in that they fail to capture the positive, defining core of utilitarianism: commitment to impartial beneficence (IB). Accordingly, a new two-dimensional model of utilitarian judgment has been proposed that distinguishes IH and IB components. The role of intuition on this new model has not been studied. Does relying on intuition disfavor utilitarian choices only along the dimension of instrumental harm or does it also do so along the dimension of impartial beneficence? To answer this question, we conducted three studies (total N = 970, two preregistered) using conceptual priming of intuition versus deliberation on moral judgments. Our evidence converges on an interaction effect, with intuition decreasing utilitarian judgments in IH—as suggested by previous work—but failing to do so in IB. These findings bolster the recently proposed two-dimensional model of utilitarian moral judgment, and point to new avenues for future research.

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Developing a Two-Dimensional Model of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell in FreeFem++

ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1115/fuelcell2014-6529 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Ararimeh Aiyejina ◽

Andres Marquez ◽

M. K. S. Sastry

Keyword(s):

Proton Exchange Membrane ◽

Optimization Procedure ◽

Proton Exchange ◽

Cathode Side ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Two Dimensional Model ◽

And Performance ◽

High Level ◽

Exchange Membrane

This work presents the use of non-commercial software for the design and development of a multiphysics model for some aspects of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell’s (PEMFC) operation and performance. Developing the model this way gives users greater freedom to adjust and improve upon the model than with common commercial modeling software packages. By using the non-commercial partial differential equation (PDE) solver FreeFem++, which utilizes a high-level programming language based on C++, we developed a model in which the set of equations representing the mechanisms that govern PEMFC operation and the algorithms for solving it can be freely tweaked, updated or overhauled by users. We discuss our choice of software and describe the advantages and limitations of our modeling approach, such as the flexibility provided by its open nature at the cost of added programming complexity compared to commercial packages. We also note how the geometry of the cell being modeled can easily be controlled through a set of user-defined parameters, or scripted to change for successive model runs as part of an optimization procedure or sensitivity analysis. We present results from a two-dimensional model for the cathode side in order to demonstrate the practicality of this approach.

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Validation and Adaptation of the Brief Self-Control Scale With Spanish Adolescents: Factorial Structure and Evidences of Reliability, Validity, and Factor Invariance Across Gender and Age

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191121996470 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107319112199647

Author(s):

Miriam Rodríguez-Menchón ◽

Alexandra Morales ◽

Mireia Orgilés ◽

José P. Espada

Keyword(s):

Factor Structure ◽

Mobile Phones ◽

Self Control ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Factorial Structure ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Control Scale ◽

Gender And Age ◽

Two Dimensional Model ◽

Factor Invariance

During adolescence, the difficulty to control impulses is especially notable. The Brief Self-Control Scale has been used in different countries for years to study associations between self-control and other variables. However, its factor structure is not completely clear, and it is necessary to have a scale with psychometric assurances that evaluates self-control in adolescents. The aim of this study was to examine the factorial structure of the Brief Self-Control Scale and to provide evidences of reliability, validity, and factor invariance across gender and age in a sample of Spanish adolescents. Participants were 693 adolescents from Southeastern Spain, aged 13 to 18 years. Data supported an excellent fit to a two-dimensional model and evidences of reliability, validity and factor invariance across gender and age were obtained. This study provides new data on the two-dimensionality of self-control. The need of this tool becomes increasingly relevant to the susceptibility of new emerging addictions, such as mobile phones or internet.

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Commitment to pro- versus counter-attitudinal behavior and the dynamics of social representations

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.61.1.34 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 34-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eric Tafani ◽

Lionel Souchet

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Social Representations ◽

Cognitive Restructuring ◽

Social Representation ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Social Actions ◽

The Social ◽

Two Dimensional Model ◽

Students Attitudes

This research uses the counter-attitudinal essay paradigm ( Janis & King, 1954 ) to test the effects of social actions on social representations. Thus, students wrote either a pro- or a counter-attitudinal essay on Higher Education. Three forms of counter-attitudinal essays were manipulated countering respectively a) students’ attitudes towards higher education; b) peripheral beliefs or c) central beliefs associated with this representation object. After writing the essay, students expressed their attitudes towards higher education and evaluated different beliefs associated with it. The structural status of these beliefs was also assessed by a “calling into question” test ( Flament, 1994a ). Results show that behavior challenging either an attitude or peripheral beliefs induces a rationalization process, giving rise to minor modifications of the representational field. These modifications are only on the social evaluative dimension of the social representation. On the other hand, when the behavior challenges central beliefs, the same rationalization process induces a cognitive restructuring of the representational field, i.e., a structural change in the representation. These results and their implications for the experimental study of representational dynamics are discussed with regard to the two-dimensional model of social representations ( Moliner, 1994 ) and rationalization theory ( Beauvois & Joule, 1996 ).

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