Environmental economics in poor countries: the current state and a programme for improvement

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Partha Dasgupta ◽  
Karl-Göran Mäler
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Environmental Economics ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Total Labour

People in poor countries are for the most part agrarian and pastoral. In 1988 rural people accounted for about 65 per cent of the population of what the World Bank classifies as low-income countries. The proportion of the total labour force in agriculture was a bit in excess of this. The share of agriculture in gross domestic product in these countries was 30 per cent. These figures should be contrasted with those from industrial market economies, which are 6 per cent and 2 per cent for the latter two ratios, respectively.

scholarly journals Industries without Smokestacks

2018 ◽  
pp. 232-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
António S. Cruz ◽  
Fausto J. Mafambissa
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Gross Domestic Product Growth ◽  
Aggregate Growth ◽  
Total Labour

Under the current international economic conditions, where Asian countries are strong competitors in the manufacturing commodities, low-income countries like Mozambique could attempt to compete in industries without smokestacks. Fruits and vegetables, agro-processing goods, and various tradable services are estimated to have contributed 1.9 per cent to annual average gross domestic product growth in 1993–2015, when the aggregate growth was 7.8 per cent. Around 80 per cent of the total labour force is dedicated to primary activities, producing 25 per cent of the aggregated value added in 2013–15. The share of services in total exports was only 17 per cent in 2012–14. Although still relatively small, these industries have potential for growth, if Mozambique follows a diversified growth strategy.

The World Bank and Educational Assistance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brent Edwards ◽  
Inga Storen
Keyword(s):  
Education Reform ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Educational Assistance ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Since the 1950s, the World Bank’s involvement and influence in educational assistance has increased greatly. The World Bank has not only been a key player, but, at times, has been the dominant international organization working with low-income countries to reform their education systems. Given the contributions that education makes to country development, the World Bank works in the realm of education as part of its broad mission to reduce poverty and to increase prosperity. This work takes the form of financing, technical assistance and knowledge production (among others) and occurs at multiple levels, as the World Bank seeks to contribute to country development and to shape the global conversation around the purposes and preferred models of education reform, in addition to engaging in international processes and politics with other multi- and bilateral organizations. The present article examines the work of the World Bank in historical perspective in addition to discussing how the role of this institution has been theorized and research by scholars. Specifically, the first section provides an overview of this institution’s history with a focus on how the leadership, preferred policies, organizational structure, lending, and larger politics to which it responds have changed over time, since the 1940s. Second, the article addresses the ways that the World Bank is conceptualized and approached by scholars of World Culture Theory, international political economy, and international relations. The third section contains a review of research on (a) how the World Bank is involved in educational policy making at the country level, (b) the ways the World Bank engages with civil society and encourages its general participation in educational assistance, (c) what is known about the World Bank in relation to policy implementation, and (d) the production of research in and on the Bank.

scholarly journals The Effect of Globalization on Economic Development Indicators: An Inter-Regional Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Antonio Martín Cervantes ◽  
Nuria Rueda López ◽  
Salvador Cruz Rambaud
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
Double Character

Background: The analysis of the problems derived from globalization has become one of the most densely studied topics at the beginning of this millennium, as they can have a crucial impact on present and future sustainable development. This paper analyzes the differential patterns of globalization in four worldwide areas predefined by The World Bank (namely, High-, Upper-Middle-, Lower-Middle-, and Low-Income countries). The main objective of this work is to estimate the effect of globalization on some economic development indicators (specifically per capita income and public expenditure on health) in 217 countries over the period 2000–2016. Methods: Our empirical approach is based on the implementation of a novel econometric methodology: The so-called Toda–Yamamoto procedure, which has been used to analyze the possible causal relationships between the involved variables. We employ World Development Indicators, provided by The World Bank, and the KOF Globalization Index, elaborated by the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. Results: The results show that there is a causal relationship in the sense of Granger between globalization and public expenditure on health, except in High-Income countries. This can be interpreted both negatively and positively, confirming the double character of globalization, as indicated by Stiglitz.

2005 Review of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Approach - Balancing Accountabilities and Scaling Up Results

Policy Papers ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (67) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Poverty Reduction Strategy ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

In December 1999, the World Bank (the Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (the Fund) introduced a new approach to their relations with low-income countries, centered around the development and implementation of poverty reduction strategies (PRS) by the countries as a precondition for access to debt relief and concessional financing from both institutions. These strategies were also expected to serve as a framework for better coordination of development assistance among other development partners.

Assessing Bias and Accuracy in the World Bank-IMF's Debt Sustainability Framework for Low-Income Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (48) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Berg ◽  
Enrico Berkes ◽  
Catherine Pattillo ◽  
Andrea Presbitero ◽  
Yorbol Yakhshilikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Debt Sustainability ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Sustainability Framework

The World Bank: Why It Is Still Needed and Why It Still Disappoints

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ravallion
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Global Public Goods ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World

Does the World Bank still have an important role to play? How might it fulfill that role? The paper begins with a brief account of how the Bank works. It then argues that, while the Bank is no longer the primary conduit for capital from high-income to low-income countries, it still has an important role in supplying the public good of development knowledge—a role that is no less pressing today than ever. This argument is not a new one. In 1996, the Bank’s President at the time, James D. Wolfensohn, laid out a vision for the “knowledge bank,” an implicit counterpoint to what can be called the “lending bank.” The paper argues that the past rhetoric of the “knowledge bank” has not matched the reality. An institution such as the World Bank—explicitly committed to global poverty reduction—should be more heavily invested in knowing what is needed in its client countries as well as in international coordination. It should be consistently arguing for well-informed pro-poor policies in its member countries, tailored to the needs of each country, even when such policies are unpopular with the powers-that-be. It should also be using its financial weight, combined with its analytic and convening powers, to support global public goods. In all this, there is a continuing role for lending, but it must be driven by knowledge—both in terms of what gets done and how it is geared to learning. The paper argues that the Bank disappoints in these tasks but that it could perform better.

World Bank may shift global financing model for LICs

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
New Institutions

Significance The comments come as the World Bank is pressing donors to provide at least 65 billion dollars for the International Development Association (IDA), the Bank's financing arm for low-income countries (LICs), in 2018-21. Impacts Transport, energy and water investments are likely to gain increased World Bank funding under the IDA-plus model. IDA will deepen its role as a lynchpin of international response to fragile state situations that threaten global spillover effects. The World Bank may evolve a new division of labour with the AIIB and other new institutions.

The World Bank Group

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Blough
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
International Finance ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
International Bank ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Bank Group

The World Bank Group consists of three closely affiliated intergovernmental institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (hereinafter referred to as the Bank, IBRD, or the World Bank), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the International Development Association (IDA). These institutions are the chosen multilateral instruments of governments for providing external capital on a global basis to help finance the development of the world's low-income countries

Malnutrition and “Nutrition Engineering” in Low-Income Countries: A Comment on Alan Berg's Vision of the Nutrition Track Record

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Csete
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Engineering Problem ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Track Record ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
And Training

Alan Berg, senior nutrition advisor at the World Bank, recently asserted that Western nutritionists have engaged in “nutrition malpractice” with respect to undernutrition in developing countries. This “malpractice” results from both an underemphasis on applied research and an education of nutritionists that leaves them unprepared for practical, “how-to” aspects of applying technologies effectively to nutritional deficiency problems. The author criticizes Berg's conceptualization of undernutrition as a technical or “engineering” problem and highlights the need for a better understanding of structural determinants of malnutrition. A critique is also offered of Berg's assertion that political commitment of governments of developing countries and levels of research funding are not important constraints to combatting malnutrition. The author recommends that research and training in applied nutrition should include education of nutritionists from the regions in which the deficiency problems are found.

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