Description sentence between nominative and verbal and different grammarians in it: جملة الوصف بين الاسمية والفعلية واختلاف النحاة فيها

Arabic language is one of the richest languages in its grammatical rules. Linguistic research, in its broad sense, has no limit. The grammatical dispute is nothing but a kind of different views, and the task of the grammatical researcher when examining a sentence is to classify it and explain how it is constructed. The research aims to identify the reality of the adjectival sentence, and its position in the Arabic sentence. The research problem here is to identify the adjectival phrase either as nominative or verbal, or is it something else, as it has a double character represented in the difference in its pronunciation from its meaning. In pronunciation, it is a noun, but in the meaning it is a verb-like. The paper also examines the views of both the Basris and the Kufis in the issue, and their arguments. The paper provides what is permissible and what is not in the i’rab, the similarity between adjective and verb, and the difference of grammarians in the adjectival predicate. The paper executes the descriptive analytical method. The research findings are: 1- There are three types of sentences in Arabic language: the nominative sentence, verbal sentence, and the adjectival sentence. 2- The study manages to reconcile between the different views in the adjectival sentence in terms of both verbal and nominative sentences. 3- The study also justifies this division. 4- These findings help to make grammar easier for the learners to avoid the interpretation that weighed heavily on grammar.

Social Suffering and the Autonomy of Art

This article seeks to reconstruct a central claim of Theodor W. Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory, namely, that art is simultaneously autonomous and socially conditioned. The thesis of art’s “double character” is often misunderstood, especially by critics who wish to fault Adorno for his retreat into socially indifferent aestheticism. But his actual view was that art can remain art only if it is responsive to human suffering. For Adorno, it is only by virtue of its relative autonomy that art can address social suffering and sustain a critical posture toward the world.

O Ruído que Brota dos Muros do Porto: Ensaio visual sobre o direito à habitação

Enquadrado numa sociologia visual e andante, este ensaio apresenta e discute uma seleção de fotografias de protesto pelo direito à habitação, capturadas nas paredes do Porto, Portugal, nos últimos dois anos. As imagens dão conta das tensões e contradições associadas aos processos de gentrificação e turistificação. Desse conjunto, salienta-se a diversidade de agentes, linguagens, destinatários ou estratégias discursivas, bem como o potencial de disseminação que estas mensagens possuem, ao serem transpostas para outros contextos, como as mobilizações coletivas ou as redes sociais. Destaca-se ainda o seu carácter duplo de inscrição no espaço público: são memória de reivindicações passadas e incentivo para lutas futuras. Sendo aparentemente silenciosas, estas contra-visualidades produzem ruído, modificando a paisagem urbana e provocando transformações sociais e políticas.Palavras-chave: fotografia, protesto, gentrificação Framed in a visual and walking sociology, this essay presents and discusses a selection of photographs of protest for the right to housing, captured on the walls of Porto, Portugal, in the last two years. The images show the tensions and contradictions associated with the processes of gentrification and tourism. Of this set, we highlight the diversity of agents, languages, recipients or discursive strategies, as well as the potential for dissemination that these messages have, when transposed to other contexts, such as collective mobilizations or social networks. The double character of registration in the public space is also noteworthy: they are a memory of past claims and an incentive for future struggles. Being apparently silent, these counter-visualities produce noise, changing the urban landscape and driving social and political transformations.Keywords: photography, protest, gentrification

Application of grammar-based codes for lossless compression of digital mammograms

A newly developed grammar-based lossless source coding theory and its implementation was proposed in 1999 and 2000, respectively, by Yang and Kieffer. The code first transforms the original data sequence into an irreducible context-free grammar, which is then compressed using arithmetic coding. In the study of grammar-based coding for mammography applications, we encountered two issues: processing time and limited number of single-character grammar G variables. For the first issue, we discover a feature that can simplify the matching subsequence search in the irreducible grammar transform process. Using this discovery, an extended grammar code technique is proposed and the processing time of the grammar code can be significantly reduced. For the second issue, we propose to use double-character symbols to increase the number of grammar variables. Under the condition that all the G variables have the same probability of being used, our analysis shows that the double- and single-character approaches have the same compression rates. By using the methods proposed, we show that the grammar code can outperform three other schemes: Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW), arithmetic, and Huffman on compression ratio, and has similar error tolerance capabilities as LZW coding under similar circumstances.

Application of grammar-based codes for lossless compression of digital mammograms

A newly developed grammar-based lossless source coding theory and its implementation was proposed in 1999 and 2000, respectively, by Yang and Kieffer. The code first transforms the original data sequence into an irreducible context-free grammar, which is then compressed using arithmetic coding. In the study of grammar-based coding for mammography applications, we encountered two issues: processing time and limited number of single-character grammar G variables. For the first issue, we discover a feature that can simplify the matching subsequence search in the irreducible grammar transform process. Using this discovery, an extended grammar code technique is proposed and the processing time of the grammar code can be significantly reduced. For the second issue, we propose to use double-character symbols to increase the number of grammar variables. Under the condition that all the G variables have the same probability of being used, our analysis shows that the double- and single-character approaches have the same compression rates. By using the methods proposed, we show that the grammar code can outperform three other schemes: Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW), arithmetic, and Huffman on compression ratio, and has similar error tolerance capabilities as LZW coding under similar circumstances.

Entre o Direito e a Ciência Política: uma relação com futuro?

with its various elements. Therefore, it is not surprising that the great link between Law and Political Science was due to Constitutional Law and the General Theory of the State. When today we study the configuration of the State, we pay attention not only to administrative, judicial and legislative institutions, but also to the legal and political status that must be observed by the State and its governors. Thus, in today’s democratic States, Law and Politics intersect in different ways. States, based on constitutional precepts, rest on their legitimacy and legality, on these precepts that contain, in turn, a double character: legal and political. Political Science and Law researchers and, desirably, from other areas of Social Sciences and even from other scientific areas, have the current challenge, to place their areas of study, on investigative platforms, which allow the development of these areas in multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary models. Keywords: constitution; law; justice; power; politic

Unity in diversity in terms of inclusive education and cooperative learning

Inclusive education is an expression of the educational system transformation and the transfer from focusing on adapting a pupil with special needs to school onto adapting teaching conditions to the pupul’s special needs. In this context, inclusive education is shown as a specific kind of intervening into the process of an individual’s socialisation having a double character of changes: in people, and in culture, which supports people’s development and building the inclusive society, in which people can experience unity in diversity. Cooperative learning is an educational strategy, which makes it possible to create a pro-inclusive social context and to develop pupills’ cognitive and social competencies necessary to function in a heterogenic community. The deliberations can be completed with the analysis of the selected factors conditioning cooperative learning in relation to pupils with disabilities and their non-disabled schoolmates. They are: (1) experience related to cooperation; (2) personal characteristics of pupils and (3) pupils’ preferences related to exercising task roles.