scholarly journals Psycholinguistic, cognitive, and neural implications of bimodal bilingualism

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN EMMOREY ◽  
MARCEL R. GIEZEN ◽  
TAMAR H. GOLLAN
Keyword(s):  
Control Process ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Lexical Information ◽  
Semantic Level ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
The Brain

Bimodal bilinguals, fluent in a signed and a spoken language, exhibit a unique form of bilingualism because their two languages access distinct sensory-motor systems for comprehension and production. Differences between unimodal and bimodal bilinguals have implications for how the brain is organized to control, process, and represent two languages. Evidence from code-blending (simultaneous production of a word and a sign) indicates that the production system can access two lexical representations without cost, and the comprehension system must be able to simultaneously integrate lexical information from two languages. Further, evidence of cross-language activation in bimodal bilinguals indicates the necessity of links between languages at the lexical or semantic level. Finally, the bimodal bilingual brain differs from the unimodal bilingual brain with respect to the degree and extent of neural overlap for the two languages, with less overlap for bimodal bilinguals.

scholarly journals Bilingual lexical access: A dynamic operation modulated by word-status and individual differences in inhibitory control

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-554
Author(s):  
ARUNA SUDARSHAN ◽  
SHARI R. BAUM
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Word Type ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language

A question central to bilingualism research is whether representations from the contextually inappropriate language compete for lexical selection during language production. It has been argued recently that the extent of interference from the non-target language may be contingent on a host of factors. In two studies, we investigated whether factors such as word-type and individual differences in inhibitory control capacities influence lexical selection via a cross-modal picture-word interference task and a non-linguistic Simon task. Highly proficient French–English bilinguals named non-cognate and cognate target pictures in L2 (English) while ignoring auditory distractors in L1 (French) and L2. Taken together, our results demonstrated that lexical representations from L1 are active and compete for selection when naming in L2, even in highly proficient bilinguals. However, the extent of cross-language activation was modulated by both word-type and individual differences in inhibitory control capacities.

scholarly journals Is there proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257355
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Elisabeth Özbakar ◽  
Neil W. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Parallel Language ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language

The bilingual language control literature generally assumes that cross-language interference resolution relies on inhibition of the non-target language. A similar approach has been taken in the bidialectal language control literature. However, there is little evidence along these lines for proactive language control, which entails a control process that is implemented as an anticipation of any cross-language interference. To further investigate the possibility of proactive inhibitory control, we examined the effect of language variety preparation time, by manipulating the cue-to-stimulus interval, on parallel language activation, by manipulating cognate status. If proactive language control relies on inhibition, one would expect less parallel language activation (i.e., a smaller cognate facilitation effect) with increased proactive inhibitory control (i.e., a long cue-to-stimulus interval). This was not the case with either bilinguals or bidialectals. So, the current study does not provide evidence for proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production.

scholarly journals Is there proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Declerck ◽  
Elisabeth Özbakar ◽  
Neil William Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Parallel Language ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language

The bilingual language control literature generally assumes that cross-language interference resolution relies on inhibition of the non-target language. A similar approach has been taken in the bidialectal language control literature. However, there is little evidence along these lines for proactive language control, which entails a control process that is implemented as an anticipation of any cross-language interference. To further investigate the possibility of proactive inhibitory control, we examined the effect of language variety preparation time, by manipulating the cue-to-stimulus interval, on parallel language activation, by manipulating cognate status. If proactive language control relies on inhibition, one would expect less parallel language activation (i.e., a smaller cognate facilitation effect) with increased proactive inhibitory control (i.e., a long cue-to-stimulus interval). This was not the case with either bilinguals or bidialectals. So, the current study does not provide evidence for proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production.

scholarly journals The Role of Orthotactics in Language Switching: An ERP Investigation Using Masked Language Priming

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aina Casaponsa ◽  
Guillaume Thierry ◽  
Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Detection Mechanisms ◽  
Language Detection

It is commonly accepted that bilinguals access lexical representations from their two languages during language comprehension, even when they operate in a single language context. Language detection mechanisms are, thus, hypothesized to operate after the stage of lexical access during visual word recognition. However, recent studies showed reduced cross-language activation when sub-lexical properties of words are specific to one of the bilingual’s two languages, hinting at the fact that language selection may start before the stage of lexical access. Here, we tested highly fluent Spanish–Basque and Spanish–English bilinguals in a masked language priming paradigm in which first language (L1) target words are primed by unconsciously perceived L1 or second language (L2) words. Critically, L2 primes were either orthotactically legal or illegal in L1. Results showed automatic language detection effects only for orthotactically marked L2 primes and within the timeframe of the N250, an index of sub-lexical-to-lexical integration. Marked L2 primes also affected the processing of L1 targets at the stage of conceptual processing, but only in bilinguals whose languages are transparent. We conclude that automatic and unconscious language detection mechanisms can operate at sub-lexical levels of processing. In the absence of sub-lexical language cues, unconsciously perceived primes in the irrelevant language might not automatically trigger post-lexical language identification, thereby resulting in the lack of observable language switching effects.

Word recognition in deaf readers: Cross-language activation of German Sign Language and German

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
OKAN KUBUS ◽  
AGNES VILLWOCK ◽  
JILL P. MORFORD ◽  
CHRISTIAN RATHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Deaf Readers ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
German Sign Language

ABSTRACTThis study addressed visual word recognition in deaf bilinguals who are proficient in German Sign Language (DGS) and German. The study specifically investigated whether DGS signs are activated during a monolingual German word recognition task despite the lack of similarity in German orthographic representations and DGS phonological representations. Deaf DGS–German bilinguals saw pairs of German words and decided whether the words were semantically related. Half of the experimental items had phonologically related translation equivalents in DGS. Participants were slower to reject semantically unrelated word pairs when the translation equivalents were phonologically related in DGS than when the DGS translations were phonologically unrelated. However, this was not the case in Turkish–German hearing bilinguals who do not have sign language knowledge. The results indicate that lexical representations are associated cross-linguistically in the bilingual lexicon irrespective of their orthographic or phonological form. Implications of these results for reading development in deaf German bilinguals are discussed.

Modulating Cross-Language Activation in Spoken Production: Evidence From Primed Picture Naming

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Wodniecka ◽  
Susan Bobb ◽  
Judith F. Kroll ◽  
David W. Green
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Activation ◽  
Cross Language

More Alike Than Unalike: Cross-language Similarity Influences Novel Word Lexicalization in Bilingual Individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Palma ◽  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
k onishi ◽  
Debra Titone
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Explicit Recognition ◽  
Novel Word Learning ◽  
Cross Language

Although several studies have focused on novel word learning and consolidation in native (presumably monolingual) speakers, less is know about how bilinguals add novel words to their mental lexicon. Here, we trained 33 English-French bilinguals on novel word-forms that were neighbors to “hermit” English words (i.e., words with no existing neighbors). Importantly, these English words varied in terms of orthographic overlap with their French translation equivalent (i.e., cognates vs. noncognates). We measured explicit recognition of the novel neighbors and the interaction between novel neighbors and English words through a lexical decision task, both before and after a sleep interval. In the lexical decision task, we found evidence of immediate facilitation for English words with novel neighbors, and evidence of competition after a sleep interval for cognate words only. These results suggest that higher quality of existing lexical representations predicts an earlier onset for novel word lexicalization.

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