Englishization in Danish higher education

This chapter offers a longitudinal overview of Englishization in Danish higher education, tracing its conceptualization from critical to constructive. In the initial stages, English was viewed sceptically, with concerns over domain loss, equity, quality of education, and consequences for the national language and culture. Such concerns led to a joint Nordic language policy promoting parallel language use, that is, a balanced use of English and the national language. In Denmark, this concept has been particularly salient, with all Danish universities having some sort of parallel language policy (Hultgren, 2014b). Recently, more constructive stances have replaced the concerns, perhaps recognizing that the continued expansion of Englishization is inevitable. Today, numerous Danish initiatives advance practical solutions to secure a smooth implementation of English medium of instruction.

Is there proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production?

The bilingual language control literature generally assumes that cross-language interference resolution relies on inhibition of the non-target language. A similar approach has been taken in the bidialectal language control literature. However, there is little evidence along these lines for proactive language control, which entails a control process that is implemented as an anticipation of any cross-language interference. To further investigate the possibility of proactive inhibitory control, we examined the effect of language variety preparation time, by manipulating the cue-to-stimulus interval, on parallel language activation, by manipulating cognate status. If proactive language control relies on inhibition, one would expect less parallel language activation (i.e., a smaller cognate facilitation effect) with increased proactive inhibitory control (i.e., a long cue-to-stimulus interval). This was not the case with either bilinguals or bidialectals. So, the current study does not provide evidence for proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production.

Is there proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production?

The bilingual language control literature generally assumes that cross-language interference resolution relies on inhibition of the non-target language. A similar approach has been taken in the bidialectal language control literature. However, there is little evidence along these lines for proactive language control, which entails a control process that is implemented as an anticipation of any cross-language interference. To further investigate the possibility of proactive inhibitory control, we examined the effect of language variety preparation time, by manipulating the cue-to-stimulus interval, on parallel language activation, by manipulating cognate status. If proactive language control relies on inhibition, one would expect less parallel language activation (i.e., a smaller cognate facilitation effect) with increased proactive inhibitory control (i.e., a long cue-to-stimulus interval). This was not the case with either bilinguals or bidialectals. So, the current study does not provide evidence for proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production.

Implementation and Performance Evaluation of Omni Compiler

This chapter describes the implementation and performance evaluation of Omni compiler, which is a reference implementation of the compiler for XcalableMP. For performance evaluation, this chapter also presents how to implement the HPC Challenge benchmarks, which is a benchmark suite for an HPC parallel language. The results show that the performance of XMP is comparable to that of MPI in many cases.

What does ELF mean for the simultaneous interpreter? An overview of the current situation of the Spanish interpreting market

The article reports on a survey of Spanish-based interpreters’ perceptions of ELF in simultaneous interpreting settings. The findings of the survey were then further explored through interviews with eight professional conference interpreters in order to provide a more accurate overview of the current situation of the Spanish conference interpreting market. Our research revealed the growing prevalence of ELF at international conferences held in Spain, and that this new reality is perceived as a threat to the interpreting profession. Participants were asked about the quality and accessibility of non-native English source speeches, about their approach to interpreting into English for a non-native English audience, and about whether or not they had to seek alternative employment in other parallel language services, such as translation or teaching in order to make a living.

POSSIBILITY OF USING ELEMENTS OF MATHEMATICAL LIBRARY FOR A PARALLEL LANGUAGE IN CONSTRUCTION MATRIX PROGRAMS

Today, due to problems in improving computing performance, parallel programming continues to evolve. There are many different languages in which you can write parallel programs. One of them is the functional-threading parallel programming language Pifagor, which in turn is very specific and allows you to write a program with maximum parallelism, as well as it is designed to solve the portability problem of parallel programs. Tools and a library of functions continue to be developed for this language. This study is devoted to the development of elements of the mathematical library and the search for the most effective mathematical parallel algorithms. The following methods are considered and used in the work: sequential, recursive (left and right recursion), factorization, and pairwise comparisons. As a result of the study, a number of mathematical functions were developed, and a study was made of the possibility of using these functions in the development of programs for multiplying large-dimensional matrices. The work demonstrates the effectiveness of using the developed simple functions implemented by different methods in matrix multiplication programs. The prospects of further work in this direction are noted, having in mind the analysis of the possibility of using artificial intelligence methods to increase efficiency and facilitate the development of parallel programs with large-sized matrices.

Meertaligheid en onderwijs van moderne talen in de 16de eeuw : Het gebruik van het partikel hola als mogelijk voorbeeld voor taalcontact in de Colloquia, et dictionariolum

Multilingualism and modern language teaching in the 16th century: the interjection hola as a possible case of language contact in the Colloquia, et dictionariolumIn this paper, we explore the semantic-pragmatic functions of the interjection hola in the Dutch, French and Spanish versions of the Colloquia, et dictionariolum, printed in Antwerp, as a possible case of language contact. The Colloquia, et dictionariolum, first printed in the 16th century, are parallel language textbooks designed for acquiring basic skills in up to eight languages. The first edition of the Colloquia was bilingual Dutch-French; Spanish was among the first languages added to the textbook. At the core of the textbook are dialogues related to everyday situations, such as shopping at the market or participating in a family dinner. Although these dialogues are commonly regarded as early sources of spoken forms of European languages, they are in fact instances of conversational mimesis i.e. they are representations of spoken language, intended for didactic purposes and, most importantly, adapted and translated over time by various authors.In our case study, we analyse first (h)ola’s semantic-pragmatic function(s) from a contrastive perspective. Subsequently, we explore a possible case of semantic-pragmatic extension in Spanish due to language contact. Generally speaking, (h)ola can fulfil a requestive function in Dutch, French and Spanish (cf. typology by Poggi 2009), viz. it was used to attract someone’s attention, a function that can be attested for the three languages in the Colloquia. Moreover, the dialogues of the Colloquia provide an example for (h)ola in a requestive-cessative function, used to tell someone to stop or slow down. This function has been described for both Dutch and French hola (also in English and German) but has, up until now, not been attested for the Spanish counterpart. A first explorative analysis of hola in the 16th-century Spanish CORDE-corpus does not yield any cessative occurrences either. Consequently, the cessative function of Spanish hola in the Colloquia might be due to the possible interference from Dutch or French (or both). However, in order to provide a more conclusive answer, a detailed study of the semantic-pragmatic functions of hola in the Germanic and Romance languages involved will be necessary.