The Introduction and Extension of the -st Ending in Old High German

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Somers
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Formal Analogy ◽  
The One

This article seeks to explain the synchronic variation found in the second person singular inflectional ending (attested both as -s and -st) in the Old High German Evangelienbuch, while at the same time pro-viding a diachronic account of the introduction and extension of the -st ending in German. In order to achieve these goals, in my analysis I rely on the notions of cliticization and formal analogy, arguing that the innovative and original endings correlate with different syntactic environments (V1/V2 versus Vfinal), on the one hand, and different formal shapes (is versus ôs/ês), on the other. After presenting an account of the development of -st in OHG, I draw conclusions regarding the broader question of how clitics become (part of) inflection, a discussion which in turn has implications for the theories scholars use to describe and explain language change, specifically that of grammaticalization.*

Stabreimende Wortpaare in den früheren Werken Hartmanns von Aue: Erec, Klage, Minnesang

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Jeep
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle High German ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Arthurian Romance ◽  
Hartmann Von Aue ◽  
Manuscript Transmission ◽  
Complete Listing ◽  
The One

Abstract Building upon recent phraseological studies on Old High and Middle High German texts, the alliterating word pairs in the early works of Hartmann von Aue are catalogued and analyzed philologically, thus contributing to an emerging complete listing of the paired rhetorical expressions through the Early Middle High German period. The first extant courtly Arthurian romance, Hartmann's Erec, a shorter piece of his known as Diu Klage, and a handful of poems he composed are by all indications from the last decade of the twelfth century, despite later manuscript transmission. Each pair is listed, described in the context in which it appears, and compared with any extant pairs from earlier German works. What emerge are insights into the evolution of these expressions, in some cases through centuries. On the one hand, Hartmann employs alliterating expressions that date to the Old High German period, while on the other hand apparently creating new ones. As in findings in earlier texts, pairs recorded on multiple occasions are likely to have been used by other authors. Typical for medieval German texts – when compared to similar modern expressions – is the insight that there is a fair amount of variation concerning the sequence of the alliterating elements and/or the inclusion of morpho-syntactic modifiers such as pronouns, possessives, adjectives, or adverbs. Modern translations of Hartmann's works into German and English show just how varied these phrases can appear in translation. When known, later examples of the alliterating word-pairs are cited, albeit for obvious reasons only in an incomplete fashion. The long-term project is designed to continue to chart the emergence of the early German alliterating word-pairs chronologically.

scholarly journals Attention To People Like You: A Proposal Regarding Neuroendocrine Effects on Linguistic Variation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Marie Ackerman ◽  
Míša (Michaela) Hejná
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
Learning Patterns ◽  
Variable Duration ◽  
Symbolic Domination ◽  
The One

Although the literature on language change has often replicated and discussed a pattern inwhich female speakers lead in changes that occur below the level of awareness, there is noconsensus on why this pattern should arise. Two major suggestions have been put forward.On the one hand, Labov (1990) has proposed that a possible explanation may be due tocaregiver asymmetries during childhood, with women being frequently the primarycaregivers in the relevant communities. On the other hand, Eckert (2011) has suggested thatwomen are more likely to engage in ‘social engineering’ and symbolic domination than men,due to the setup of the gender roles in their communities, which makes them more likely to belinguistic innovators. Interestingly, recent findings in endocrinology show that differences inprenatal testosterone exposure can impact learning patterns. In the light of these findings, wefirst present preliminary results consistent with the hypothesis that a biological factor,prenatal exposure to androgens, can have a continuous effect on linguistic variation, namelythe variable duration of preaspiration before voiceless obstruents in Tyneside English. This isin line with findings related to f 0 reported by Ferdezi et al. (2011). Second, we propose anexplanatory model in which the biological factor – prenatal testosterone exposure – createssubtle bias in how speakers learn linguistic variants, and suggest that some reported sexeffects are derivative. This model is compatible with the fact that it is most often females wholead in language change from below, but can also account for situations in which males mightlead a change (Labov 1990: 206).

scholarly journals Human impersonal pronouns in West Germanic

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-846
Author(s):  
Daniël Van Olmen ◽  
Adri Breed
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Person ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Semantic Maps ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The One ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Impersonal Pronouns

Abstract In this article, we examine and compare the main human impersonal pronouns in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The second person singular, the third person plural and the ‘man’- and ‘one’-pronouns are studied by means of an acceptability judgment questionnaire and a completion questionnaire. The combination of the two methods reveals interesting descriptive facts about the three West Germanic languages. They include, among other things, the ‘man’-prominence of Afrikaans versus the ‘you’-prominence of Dutch and English for expressing the universal meaning ‘anyone’ and the more prominent position of ‘they’ in Dutch than in the other languages for conveying the existential meaning ‘someone, some people’. Our findings have a number of more theoretical implications too. The two existing semantic maps for human impersonal pronouns make different distinctions in the existential domain, based on type/level of (un)knownness on the one hand and number on the other. Our study tests both sets of distinctions and shows that the two dimensions interact with each other in Afrikaans, Dutch and English. The results thus support a recent proposal in the literature for a combined semantic map. The data from the completion questionnaire, finally, also indicates that existential uses prefer alternative forms of impersonalization to human impersonal pronouns in all three languages.

Die ursprünglichen fragestellungen hinter August schleichers Stammbaum-Theorie und Johannes Schmidts Wellen-Metapher

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van Pottelberge
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hierarchical Classes ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Geographical Spread ◽  
Wave Image ◽  
The One

Summary August Schleicher’s genealogical tree (Stammbaum) and Johannes Schmidt’s wave metaphor (Welle) are very well known linguistic concepts. At the same time there has been a widespread misunderstanding about their original meaning and the questions they were intended to deal with. Both were originally classificatory concepts, not models of language change. Schleicher, on the one hand, introduced the Stammbaum by transforming hierarchical classes of Indo-European languages into successive historical stages. Schmidt, on the other hand, rejected the idea of subgrouping Indo-European languages as required by Schleicher’s Stammbaum. Instead, he assumed an original continuum of languages. He described this continuum metaphorically in terms of concentric ‘waves’. The interpretation of the wave image as a metaphor for the geographical spread of linguistic innovations (as has become common) is the result of later adaptations in dialectology.

The Lingua Franca

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Operstein
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Lingua Franca ◽  
Publication History ◽  
Close Study ◽  
The One ◽  
Linguistic Reality

Whose name is hidden behind the anonymity of the key publication on Mediterranean Lingua Franca? What linguistic reality does the label 'Lingua Franca' conceal? These and related questions are explored in this new book on an enduringly important topic. The book presents a typologically informed analysis of Mediterranean Lingua Franca, as documented in the Dictionnaire de la langue franque ou petit mauresque, which provides an important historical snapshot of contact-induced language change. Based on a close study of the Dictionnaire in its historical and linguistic context, the book proposes hypotheses concerning its models, authorship and publication history, and examines the place of the Dictionnaire's Lingua Franca in the structural typological space between Romance languages, on the one hand, and pidgins, on the other. It refines our understanding of the typology of contact outcomes while at the same time opening unexpected new avenues for both linguistic and historical research.

scholarly journals Modeling word order variation in discourse: On the pragmatic properties of VS order in Old High German

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Initial Matrix ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
Order Variation ◽  
Initial Placement ◽  
The One

In Old High German, verb-initial matrix declarative clauses display a variety of functions which are broadly related to discourse structure. However, the tho-V2 construction also correlates with the factors triggering verb-initial placement. The paper shows that the preference of the one pattern over the other cannot be explained in terms of a single, straightforward criterion. Rather, several factors influencing the choice process are recognized in the literature. The paper tests the effect of these factors by using methods and tools developed to capture variability in sociolinguistics.

Stabreimende Wortpaare in den späteren Werken Hartmanns von Aue: Iwein, Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-84
Author(s):  
John M. Jeep
Keyword(s):  
Word Pair ◽  
The Other ◽  
Middle High German ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Arthurian Romance ◽  
Hartmann Von Aue ◽  
German Word ◽  
Complete Listing ◽  
The One

AbstractBuilding upon recent phraseological studies of Old High and Middle High German texts, the alliterating word pairs in the later works of Hartmann von Aue are catalogued and analyzed philologically, thus contributing to an emerging complete listing of the paired rhetorical expressions through the Early Middle High German period, here Hartmann’s major courtly Arthurian romance, Iwein, his religious tale Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich. Each pair is listed, described in the context in which it appears, and compared with any extant pairs from earlier German works. Previous research on the pair is reviewed. Hence, we trace the evolution of these expressions, in some cases through centuries. On the one hand, Hartmann employs alliterating expressions that date to the Old High German period, while on the other hand apparently creates new, or at least not previously documented ones. As in findings in earlier texts, pairs recorded on multiple occasions are likely to have been used by other authors. Typical for medieval German texts - when compared to similar modern expressions - is the insight that there is a fair amount of variation concerning the sequence of the alliterating elements and/or the inclusion of morpho-syntactic modifiers such as pronouns, possessives, adjectives, or adverbs. When known, later examples of the alliterating word-pairs are cited, albeit for obvious reasons only in an incomplete fashion. Two updates on the emerging Old High and Early Middle High German word-pair catalogue are included. Finally, a complete listing of the alliterating word-pairs in Hartmann’s works is provided. The long-term project continues to chart the emergence of German alliterating word-pairs chronologically, here within the first decade of the thirteenth century.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

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